<p>Lake Mutanda is a small freshwater lake in Uganda.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>The lake is located in Kisoro District in southwestern Uganda, approximately 20 km north of the town of Kisoro, where the district headquarters are located. This location is approximately 454 km, by road, southwest of Kampala, Uganda&#39;s capital and largest city. The coordinates of Lake Mutanda are:01 14 06S, 29 40 12E (Latitude:-1.2350; Longitude:29.6700).</p><br>
<h2>Overview</h2><br>
<p>It is nestled in the foothills of the Virunga Mountain Range, at an altitude of 1,800 m. The three volcanoes within the range, that are partly located in Uganda, namely: Mount Muhabura, Mount Sabinyo and Mount Gahinga, can be viewed from Lake Mutanda. There are several islands in the lake.</p><br>
<p>The lake is drained by the Rutshuru River, which flows northward to Lake Edward.</p><br>
<h2>Flora and fauna</h2><br>
<p>The environment on the islands within the lake and the surrounding countryside includes lakeside forests and wetland habitats that provide a haven for the endangered mountain gorilla.</p><br>
<p>In addition to the mountain gorilla and golden monkey in the nearby Mgahinga Gorilla National Park, the lakeside environment accommodates a variety of animal and plant species, unique to this area. Bird species include kingfisher birds, kites, ibis and Uganda&#39;s national bird, the crested crane. Weaver bird nests are a common site among the reeds along the lake shore.</p><br>
<p>In addition to the abundant and varied avian species, the lake shore supports several species of snake, chameleon, monitor lizard and frog species. There is a varied and abundant supply of insect life as well. The mammals unique to Lake Mutanda include the African clawless otter. Hippopotamus was endemic to the area, but were last sighted at Lake Mutanda in 1994.</p><br>
<p>Casummit Lake is a lake in Kenora District, Ontario, Canada, about 110 km northeast of the community of Red Lake. The settlement of Casummit and a mine are on the northeast shore of the lake. A fishing outfitter has a cabin on the north shore of the lake.</p><br>
<h2>Hydrology</h2><br>
<p>Summit Lake is about 2.8 km long and 2.7 km wide, and lies at an elevation of 391 m. There is a significant unnamed island in the centre of the lake. The inflows are two unnamed creeks, one at the northwest from Joneston Lake, the other at the northeast from Richardson Lake. The primary outflow is Casummit Creek, to Birch Lake, at the southeast end of the lake, whose waters flow via the Birch River, Cat River and Albany River into James Bay. A portage leads from just west of the Casummit Creek outlet also to Birch Lake.</p><br>
<p>The Chamberlin House is a historic house at 44 Pleasant Street in Concord, New Hampshire. The 2.5 story wood frame Queen Anne Victorian was built in 1886 by Horace Chamberlin, superintendent of the local division of the Boston and Maine Railroad. Although the house was probably built from mail-order plans , it exhibits a wealth of Queen Anne and Shingle Style decoration, both inside and out. The house has a hip roof, but there are numerous projections, including a turret with conical roof on the right side of the front facade. The left side has a single story porch, decorated with Stick style balustrades both below and above the roof. Above the porch is a projecting bay window which is topped by a large gable that extends over the splayed corners of the bay, where there are curved brackets. The gable front is sheathed in decoratively cut shingles, with a small square window in the center.</p><br>
<p>The house remained in the Chamberlin family until Horaces wife died in 1918. Since the family had no children, she donated the property to the Concord Womens Club, of which she had been a longtime member. The club uses the building as its clubhouse; its interior, which is rich in detailed woodwork and styling, has been only modestly altered to accommodate the club&#39;s needs.</p><br>
<p>The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.</p><br>
<p>The University of Utah Circle, also known as Presidents Circle, is located on the campus of the University of Utah in Salt Lake City, Utah. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978 as a historic district.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1900 the University of Utah moved to the current east-bench campus on land that used to belong to Fort Douglas. The four original buildings, which are currently known as the John Widtsoe Building, the LeRoy Cowles Building, the Alfred Emery Building, and the James Talmage Building were built on what is now University of Utah circle.</p><br>
<h2>Buildings</h2><br>
<p>The district is composed of the following eight buildings, which are all named after former University of Utah Presidents and located along University Circle:</p><br>
<p>Alfred Emery Building (1901) - Designed by Richard K.A. Kletting and named after former university president Alfred C. Emery in 1980. It was originally built to house the normal school.</p><br>
<p>John Widtsoe Building (1901) - Designed by Richard K.A. Kletting and named after former university president John A. Widtsoe.</p><br>
<p>LeRoy Cowles Building (1901) - Designed by Richard K.A. Kletting and named after former university president LeRoy E. Cowles in 1980. It was originally constructed to house the library. It currently houses the mathematics department at the university. "Extended Vision", a series of etched and screenprinted plates depicting math theories created by artist Anna Campbell Bliss, were installed in the Cowles Building&#39;s lobby between 2001 and 2003.</p><br>
<p>James Talmage Building (1902) - Designed by Richard K.A. Kletting and named after former professor and university president James E. Talmage in 1976. It was originally constructed as a museum.</p><br>
<p>Park Building (1914) - Designed by the architectural firm of Cannon, Fetzer, Hansen. Originally named the "Central Building", it was renamed the "Park Building" in 1919 after former university president John R. Park. It currently houses the office of the president as well as other university administrators.</p><br>
<p>Kingsbury Hall (1930) - Designed by Anderson & Young and named after Joseph T. Kingsbury, former president of the University. Many of Utah&#39;s performing arts organizations started in Kingsbury Hall including Ballet West and Utah Opera.</p><br>
<p>David P. Gardner Hall (1931) - Designed by Ashton and Evans.</p><br>
<p>George Thomas Building (1935) - Designed by Ashton and Evans and named after former university president George Thomas. It was originally built as the George Thomas Library. In 1968 when the library moved and became the J. Willard Marriott Library the Thomas building became the home of the Utah Museum of Natural History. In 2011 the "Utah Museum of Natural History" moved to a completely new building, fully conceived to receive displayed collections and visitors, and changed its name to "Natural History Museum of Utah". Since 2016, a programme of works is transforming the George Thomas Building in order to receive the new "Gary and Ann Crocker Science Center": The Crocker Science Center will house the Center for Cell and Genome Science, the Center for Science and Math Education, modern classrooms and laboratories for interdisciplinary science and math education and a technology-incubator space.</p><br>
<p>Breaksea Island is a rugged 1.6 km&sup2; island in the southwest of New Zealand, and is part of Fiordland National Park. Its highest point is 350 m asl and it lies about 2 km from the mainland in the entrance to Breaksea Sound, north of the much larger Resolution Island. It is covered in temperate rainforest and was the site of one of the first successful campaigns to eradicate rats from a sizeable island.</p><br>
<h2>Rat eradication</h2><br>
<p>The pioneering eradication of brown rats, using brodifacoum in poison baits, was carried out by the New Zealand Department of Conservation (DOC) in May and June 1988 following the success of a pilot campaign on the adjacent, and much smaller (9 hectare), Hāwea Island in 1986. Breaksea is six times the size of the previous largest island on which rat eradication had been successful. Since then, DOC has overseen the eradication of a suite of introduced animals from several other islands, the largest being Campbell Island at 113 km&sup2;.</p><br>
<h2>Fauna</h2><br>
<p>Fiordland crested penguins breed on Breaksea. Since rat eradication various threatened species of New Zealand&#39;s native fauna have been introduced, or reintroduced, there. These include the tieke (saddleback), mōhua (yellowhead), Fiordland skink and knobbled weevils.</p><br>
<p>The Summit Lakes are a pair of lakes connected by a short creek in Nipissing District, Ontario, Canada, about 5 km southeast of the community of Temagami. The Ontario Northland Railway mainline crosses the southern tip of the south lake on a trestle.</p><br>
<h2>Hydrology</h2><br>
<p>The north lake is about 540 m long and 340 m wide, and the south lake is about 800 m long and 400 m wide; both lie at an elevation lies at an elevation of 340 m. A short unnamed creek flows from the south side of the north lake to the north side of the south lake; the south lake also has one unnamed creek inflow at the northeast tip. The primary outflow is an unnamed creek, from the south end of the south lake, to Upper Twin Lake, which eventually flows via Rabbit Creek, Rabbit Lake, the Matabitchuan River, Lake Timiskaming, and the Ottawa River into the St. Lawrence River.</p><br>
<p>South Summit Lake is a lake in Thunder Bay, Unorganized, Thunder Bay District, Ontario, Canada, about 40 km north of Lake Nipigon and 60 km northeast of the community of Armstrong.</p><br>
<h2>Hydrology</h2><br>
<p>South Summit Lake is about 3 km long and 0.7 km wide, and lies at an elevation of 324 m. The primary inflow is over the Summit Control Dam from Mojikit Lake, water backed up into the lake from the Ogoki Reservoir on the Ogoki River, part of the Albany River system in the James Bay drainage basin. The diverted water flows into the north end of South Summit Lake, and out at the south end over the Stork Falls to Stork Lake. The water continues south through a series of lakes and the Little Jackfish River to Lake Nipigon, then via the Nipigon River into Lake Superior.</p><br>
<p>Pikes Peak is the highest summit of the southern Front Range of the Rocky Mountains, in North America. The ultra-prominent 4,302.31 m fourteener is located in Pike National Forest, 19.3 km west by south  of downtown Colorado Springs, Colorado. The mountain is named in honor of American explorer Zebulon Pike, who was unable to reach the summit. The summit is higher than any point in the United States east of its longitude.</p><br>
<h2>Mountain</h2><br>
<p>Pikes Peak is one of Colorado&#39;s 53 fourteeners, mountains more than 14,000 ft above sea level. The mountain rises 8,000 ft above downtown Colorado Springs. Pikes Peak is a designated National Historic Landmark.</p><br>
<p>"Tava" or “sun,” is the Ute word that was given by these first people to the mountain that we now call Pikes Peak. The band of Ute people who called the Pikes Peak region their home were the "Tabeguache," meaning the "People of Sun Mountain." The Ute people first arrived in Colorado about 500 A.D., although their traditions state they were created on Pikes Peak. In the 1800s, when the Arapaho people arrived in Colorado, they knew the mountain as "Heey-otoyoo’ " meaning "Long Mountain". Early Spanish explorers named the mountain "El Capitán" meaning "The Leader". American explorer Zebulon Pike named the mountain "Highest Peak" in 1806, and the mountain was later commonly known as "Pikes Highest Peak". American explorer Stephen Harriman Long named the mountain "James Peak" in honor of Edwin James who climbed to the summit in 1820. The mountain was later renamed "Pikes Peak" in honor of Pike. The name was simplified to "Pikes Peak" by the United States Board on Geographic Names in 1890.</p><br>
<h2>Geography and geology</h2><br>
<p>Pikes Peak is composed of a characteristic pink granite called Pikes Peak granite. The color is due to a large amount of potassium feldspar. It is thought that the granite was once magma that crystallized at least 20 mi beneath the Earths surface, formed by an igneous intrusion during the Precambrian, approximately 1.05 billion years ago, during the Grenville orogeny. Through the process of uplifting, the hardened rock pushed through the Earths crust and created a dome-like mountain, covered with less resistant rock. Years of erosion and weathering removed the soil and rock leaving the exposed mountain.</p><br>
<p>Soils on Pikes Peak are classified as Cirque Land above timberline; forests at lower altitudes are mostly supported by brown stony sandy loam of the Catamount or Ivywild series.</p><br>
<h2>Discovery</h2><br>
<p>The first Europeans to discover Pikes Peak were the Spanish in the 1700s. The first American sighting is often credited to members of the Pike expedition, led by Zebulon Pike. After a failed attempt to climb to the top in November 1806, Pike wrote in his journal:</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The first European-American to climb the peak came 14 years after Pike, in the summer of 1820. Edwin James, a young student who had just graduated from Middlebury College in Vermont, signed on as the relief botanist for Stephen Harriman Longs expedition after the first botanist had died. The expedition explored the South Platte River up as far as present-day Denver, then turned south and passed close to what James called "Pikes highest peak." James and two other men left the expedition, camped on the plains, and climbed the peak in two days, encountering little difficulty. Along the way, James was the first to describe the blue columbine, Colorado&#39;s state flower.</p><br>
<p>Gold was discovered in the area of present-day Denver in 1858, and newspapers referred to the gold-mining area as "Pikes Peak." Pikes Peak or Bust became the slogan of the Colorado Gold Rush (see also Fifty-Niner). This was more due to Pikes Peak&#39;s visibility to gold seekers traveling west across the plains than any actual significant gold find anywhere near Pikes Peak. Major gold deposits were not discovered in the Pikes Peak area until the Cripple Creek Mining District was discovered southwest of Pikes Peak and led, in 1893, to one of the last major gold rushes in the lower 48 states.</p><br>
<p>In July 1860, Clark, Gruber and Company commenced minting gold coins in Denver bearing the phrase "Pikes Peak Gold" and an artists rendering of the peak (sight unseen) on the obverse. In 1863, the USA Treasury purchased the minting equipment for $25,000 to open the Denver Mint.</p><br>
<p>Julia Archibald Holmes and James Holmes traveled to the Rocky Mountains in Colorado in 1858, and reached the summit on August 5, with J. D. Miller and George Peck, making Archibald Holmes the first European-American woman to climb Pikes Peak. From the summit, she wrote in a letter to her mother: "Nearly everyone tried to discourage me from attempting it, but I believed that I should succeed; and now here I am, and I feel that I would not have missed this glorious sight for anything at all.”</p><br>
<p>Thirty-five years later, in July 1893, Katharine Lee Bates wrote the song "America the Beautiful", after having admired the view from the top of Pikes Peak. It appeared in print in The Congregationalist, a weekly journal, on July 4, 1895. A plaque commemorating the words to the song was placed at the summit.</p><br>
<p>During 1899, the Serbian physicist Nikola Tesla built his first working version of the Magnifying Transmitter in his laboratory some kilometers away from Colorado Springs, up in Pikes Peak, where he worked on his idea of wireless energy transmission and investigated the ionosphere and the telluric currents in the planets. Here, he proved that Earth is a good conductor, and he produced artificial bolt of 40 meters and millions of volts. He stated that during this year he discovered the Earth stationary waves.</p><br>
<p>On July 17, 1913 William Wayne Brown drove his car, the Bear Cat, 20 miles to the summit. The ascent took 5 hours and 28 minutes.</p><br>
<p>The uppermost portion of Pikes Peak, above 14,000 feet (4,300 m) elevation, was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1961.</p><br>
<p>Pikes Peak was the home of a ski resort from 1939 until 1984.</p><br>
<h2>Today</h2><br>
<p>There are several visitor centers on Pikes Peak, some with a gift shop and restaurant. These centers are located at the 6 mile, 12 mi and the summit itself, and there are several ways to ascend the mountain. The Manitou and Pikes Peak Railway, the worlds highest cog railroad, operates from Manitou Springs to the summit, conditions permitting.</p><br>
<p>Road vehicles can be driven to the summit via the Pikes Peak Highway, a 19 mi road that starts a few miles up Ute Pass at Cascade. The road has a series of switchbacks, treacherous at high speed, called "The W&#39;s" for their shape on the side of the mountain. The road is maintained by the city of Colorado Springs as a toll road. A project to pave the remainder of the road was completed on October 1, 2011. The project is in response to a suit by the Sierra Club over damage caused by the gravel and sediment that is constantly washed off the road into the alpine environment.</p><br>
<p>The road remained open during construction.</p><br>
<p>The Highway is famous worldwide for the annual Pikes Peak International Hill Climb, a motor race. The short film Climb Dance features Ari Vatanen racing his Peugeot automobile up the steep, twisty slopes. It also hosts the Pikes Peak Cycling Hill Climb (formerly Assault on the Peak), a cycling hillclimb race first held in 2010, and the USA Cycling Hill Climb National Championships, a race first held in 2016.</p><br>
<p>The most popular hiking route to the top is called Barr Trail, which approaches the summit from the east. The trailhead is just past the cog railway depot in Manitou Springs. Visitors can walk, hike, or bike the trail. Although the Barr Trail is rated only Class 1 it is a long and arduous hike with nearly 8,000 feet of elevation gain, and a 13 mile trip one-way. Runners race to the top and back on Barr Trail in the annual Pikes Peak Marathon. Another route begins at Crags Campground, approaching the summit from the west.</p><br>
<p>Since 1969, the summit of Pikes Peak has been the site of the United States Army Pikes Peak Research Laboratory, a medical research laboratory for the assessment of the impact of high altitude on human physiological and medical parameters of military interest.</p><br>
<h2>Climate</h2><br>
<p>At the peak, the partial pressure of oxygen is only about 60% of that at sea level. Water boils at 186 &deg;F at 14,000 feet, rather than 212 &deg;F at sea level.</p><br>
<p>A faster rate of respiration is required by humans and animals not regularly at high altitudes. Those familiar with altitude training know that prolonged exposure to the reduced pressures of high altitudes will produce more red blood cells to offset the lower oxygen availability. For the unacclimated, altitude sickness may develop in those who are sensitive or who over-exert themselves.</p><br>
<p>The summit of Pikes Peak has a polar climate due to its elevation. Snow is a possibility any time year-round, and thunderstorms are common in the summer. Surrounding areas have different climatic variations depending on location and elevation. Much of the area near Pikes Peak has a continental semiarid climate, while other areas would be classified as hemiboreal.</p><br>
<h2>Historical names</h2><br>
<p>Tava</p><br>
<p>El Capitán</p><br>
<p>Grand Peak</p><br>
<p>Heey-otoyoo’</p><br>
<p>Highest Peak – 1806</p><br>
<p>James Peak – 1835</p><br>
<p>Long Mountain</p><br>
<p>Pike&#39;s Highest Peak</p><br>
<p>Pike&#39;s Peak – 1858</p><br>
<p>Pikes Peak – 1890</p><br>
<p>The Christ Church Chapel is a religious building located at 61 Grosse Pointe Rd. in Grosse Pointe Farms, Michigan. It is also known as the Christ Church Grosse Pointe or the Christ Episcopal Church. It was designated a Michigan State Historic Site in 1992 and listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1993.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Grosse Pointe Episcopal congregation began as a branch of Christ Church Detroit in 1923, with Sunday school held in local homes while worship services were still conducted in the main church on Jefferson Avenue. By 1928, work had begun on the construction of a building for the congregation.</p><br>
<p>Two more building were added to the complex in the next eleven years: the rectory in 1938 and Miller Hall in 1941.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Neo-Gothic chapel is built in a Latin cross configuration with a 50 ft tower at one corner. The narthex is designed to be similar to the Chapter House of Wells Cathedral, and the cloister (enclosed in 1957) is modeled after the one at Canterbury Cathedral.</p><br>
<p>The exterior of the chapel is covered with iridescent sandstone. The roof is covered with slate, with copper ridges and a copper spire. The church includes stained glass windows created by H. L. Willet, DeRaniere Studios of Detroit, and by the Detroit Stained Glass Company. The interior is constructed of limestone, with a flagstone floor. It boasts fine wood carvings, with the reredos crafted by London&#39;s Mowbray & Co., Ltd. and the rood beam and other pieces by J. Jungwirth Co. and Pom-McFate Co. of Detroit.</p><br>
<p>Miller Hall and the rectory are built in a complementary Tudor Revival style.</p><br>
<p>The Gatwick Stream is a tributary of the River Mole in southern England. The Gatwick Stream rises in Worth Forest below Clays lake in West Sussex, flows northwards through Tilgate Forest, alongside Tilgate golf course, through Maidenbower, Three Bridges, and Tinsley Green to meet the River Mole on the border between West Sussex and Surrey.</p><br>
<h2>Wildlife</h2><br>
<p>Native species of fish found in this stream include Brown Trout, Chub, Dace, Roach, Pike, Millers Thumb (European Bullhead), Brook Lamprey, Gudgeon, Stone Loach and Minnow.</p><br>
<h2>Upper Mole Flood Alleviation Scheme</h2><br>
<p>1) Raise the dam at Clays Lake to provide enlarged flood storage protecting passengers of the London-Brighton main line railway, also people living in Maidenbower, Crawley.</p><br>
<p>2) Provision of a new flood detention dam (FDR) at Worth Farm to add additional resilience to flood alleviation of the M23 motorway.</p><br>
<p>3) A river restoration scheme at Gratton Park nature reserve,involving the replacement of the existing straight concrete channel with a natural meandering earth channel.</p><br>
<p>4) The raising of the dam at Tilgate Lake to provide additional flood storage, protecting hundreds of homes vulnerable to flooding in Furnace Green, Pound Hill, Three Bridges, Tinsley Green and Horley.</p><br>
<h2>Sewage Treatment Works</h2><br>
<p>Crawley Sewage Treatment Works is located adjacent to the stream, downstream of Crawley and discharges up to 15 Ml of water per day into the river.</p><br>
<p>The Dr. Fred Stone Sr. Hospital is a six-story brick structure in Oliver Springs, Tennessee. Noted for its castle-like appearance and eccentric, unplanned design, the building was home to a one-doctor hospital operated by retired USA Army physician Fred Stone Sr.  in the 1940s, 1950s, and 1960s. Stone delivered over 5,000 babies while working at the hospital, and expanded the building room-by-room, floor-by-floor in his spare time. In 2006, the building was added to the National Register of Historic Places for its association with the region&#39;s medical services history, namely the transition from rural country doctors to modern hospitals.</p><br>
<p>The grandson of a noted Claiborne County doctor, Stone spent his teen years drifting around the country before returning to East Tennessee to obtain his medical degree in 1916. Stone served as an American medical aide to the British Army during World War I, and in 1918 was awarded the British Military Cross. After travelling around the world, he returned to East Tennessee, where in the early 1940s he worked as an examiner for new Manhattan Project employees at Oak Ridge. In 1943, Stone purchased what was then a simple two-story building in Oliver Springs for use as a hospital, and spent the next three decades expanding it, adding multiple stories, hidden corridors, marble terraces, and a six-story central observation tower. In 1999, the building and its environs appeared in the film, October Sky.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>The Dr. Fred Stone Sr. Hospital is located in downtown Oliver Springs, about a block away from the Roane-Anderson county line. The NRHP-listed Colonial Hall is located just across the street to the south, and the NRHP-listed Oliver Springs Banking Company building is located just across the county line to the east. A contributing property in the hospital listing, known as the "Hayes House" after its builder, is located in a partially wooded lot adjacent to the hospital.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Fred Stone Sr. biography</h3><br>
<p>Fred Oscar Stone was born in Claiborne County, Tennessee, in 1887. His grandfather, Samuel Stone, was a country doctor, and accompanying his grandfather on calls as a child inspired Fred to seek a career in medicine later in life. At the age of 19, Fred moved to New Mexico to homestead a small plot of land, and within a few years had joined several relatives in Oregon, where he worked in hops vineyards.</p><br>
<p>Using money he had saved up, Stone returned to East Tennessee and enrolled in Lincoln Memorial University Medical School in Knoxville, from which he graduated in 1916. He briefly practiced medicine in Loyston, Tennessee, before joining the USA Army Medical Corps at the height of World War I. Stone was "loaned" to the British Fourth Battalion Regiment, and was awarded the British Military Cross for actions performed at Bucquoy in August 1918. After the war, Stone served in various places around the world, including the Philippines and India, before retiring from the Army in 1937.</p><br>
<p>After retirement, Stone purchased a large plot of land in Claiborne County, where he began building a large stone mansion embedded into a cliff-side overlooking Bear Creek (the mansion burned in 1975). In 1942, Stone was hired by Stone & Webster&mdash; the firm which built the Manhattan Project facilities at Oak Ridge&mdash; as an examiner for its new employees, a task Stone carried out from a makeshift clinic at the city&#39;s Elza Gate. After World War II, Stone devoted himself primarily to his Oliver Springs hospital, which he purchased in 1943, seeing patients at all hours of the day and expanding the building room-by-room in his spare time. He died in 1976.</p><br>
<h3>Structure history</h3><br>
<p>In the early 1900s, Oliver Springs was a small mountain town focused primarily on a lavish mineral springs resort known as the Oliver Springs Resort Hotel and coal mining activities at the base of the Cumberland Plateau to the west. A German-born physician, Henry Sienknecht, acquired a plot of land that included the later Stone hospital lot, and opened a general store which still stands near the hospital. When Sienknecht died in 1916, his daughter Ella and son-in-law Dr. Jesse Thaxton Hayes inherited the property. Around 1920, Hayes built a two-story clinic (the original section of the Stone hospital) on this property, and in 1924 he and his wife built a Bungalow-style house (the Hayes House) in the adjacent lot.</p><br>
<p>While inspecting the roof of his clinic in 1940, Hayes slipped and fell, and died shortly thereafter. His heirs sold the clinic and house to Charles and Alice Davis in 1940, and the Davises in turn sold the clinic (but not the house) to Stone in 1943. Stone immediately began expanding the building. He hired a brick-mason named Joe Chittum and mobilized idle nurses and relatives to mix mortar and aide in bricklaying. By 1946, the building rose five stories at its highest point. As the building continued to grow, Stone modified its design to fit around an old Maple tree growing on the lot, giving the buildings northeast corner its awkward appearance. The buildings central six-story tower, completed in 1949, briefly served as a Civil Defense lookout for the nearby atomic energy installations at Oak Ridge.</p><br>
<p>By the time of Stones death, the building, which originally covered 1,036 ft&sup2, had grown to over 4,000 ft&sup2;. The buildings subsequent owners removed the Maple tree and added fiberglass covers to parts of the roof to prevent water leakage. An architect named Charles Tichy eventually acquired the building, and began restoring it in the early 1990s. Several scenes from the 1999 film October Sky (which was set in a West Virginia mining town) were shot in Oliver Springs, including a scene in the alley adjacent to the hospital. The nearby Sieknecht store still bears the "Olga Coal Company" facade from the movie.</p><br>
<h2>Design</h2><br>
<p>The Dr. Fred Stone Sr. Hospital can be roughly divided into three sections&mdash; the "front" section, containing the original 1920 structure built by Hayes, the "middle" section surrounding the tower, and the four-story "rear" section. The original 1920 structure measured 28 by, and consisted of a typical shop front with a recessed entrance flanked by two windows. In 1943, Stone extended it from 37 ft to 43 ft to include a second shop front, with its own window and entrance, and united the two shops with a stepped-gabled facade. Two dormer windows were added to the third story of this section&#39;s southwest wall in the 1980s.</p><br>
<p>The middle section rises to four stories, with various decks and terraces rising to five stories, and the central 20 by tower rising to six stories. There are six doors at the northeast base (facing Stone Alley) of the middle section, some accessing the first floor, others accessing stairways leading to the upper floors. A brick between stories five and six in the tower is stamped with "1946," and a marble slab in the tower&#39;s open-air pavilion is stamped with "1949," giving some idea of the dates of completion. Along with the tower, the roof of the middle section consists of a series of irregular marble terraces, some accessed by exterior stairways, and some accessed by interior stairways.</p><br>
<p>The buildings rear section rises to four stories, but the southwestern one-third of this section rises to three stories topped by a terrace (currently covered with protective fiberglass). Part of the rear sections northeast wall is recessed, as Stone attempted to build around a Maple tree growing on the lot. The walls of this section were set irregularly to accommodate the tree&#39;s branches.</p><br>
<p>Most of the buildings interior rooms are small and simple. Fireplaces typically consist of brick or marble hearths with brick mantels. Some of the interior walls contain windows, revealing that they were once exterior walls. Most of the interior walls are plastered, although some contain clay tiles. Upper floors are accessed via wood or marble staircases, although the building contains a crude rope-and-pulley elevator. Aside from the two storefronts (which were rented as commercial space), the first floor was essentially a basement and garage. The second floor contained the clinic space and the Stone familys residential space.</p><br>
<h3>Hayes House</h3><br>
<p>The Hayes House, located in an adjacent lot southwest of the hospital, is the National Register listing&#39;s only other contributing structure. The Bungalow-style house, built by Dr. J. T. Hayes in 1924, is a one-and-one-half store brick structure with a green-painted tiled hip roof. Two sets of dormer windows rise from the front of the roof (facing Roane Street). The first floor of the house contains a central living room, dining room, kitchen, and three bedrooms. The second floor contains a bedroom and an attic.</p><br>
<p>Fort Gaddis is the oldest known building in Fayette County, Pennsylvania and the second oldest log cabin in Western Pennsylvania. It is located 300 yds east of old USA Route 119, near the Route 857 intersection in South Union Township, Fayette County, Pennsylvania . Fort Gaddis was built about 1769-74 by Colonel Thomas Gaddis who was in charge of the defense of the region, and his home was probably designated as a site for community meetings and shelter in times of emergency, hence the term "Fort Gaddis," probably a 19th-century appellation. It is a 1 1/2-story, 1-room log structure measuring 26 feet long and 20 feet wide.</p><br>
<p>During the Whiskey Rebellion a Liberty Pole was erected at the house during a rally in support of the rebel cause. The choice of this site for a political demonstration indicates its importance as a focal point for community expression. The fact that all the additions to the building were removed in the early twentieth century in respect for the section contemporary with the American Revolution and Whiskey Rebellion is evidence of the building&#39;s longstanding and continuing status and power as a community symbol.</p><br>
<p>Fort Gaddis was built near the Catawba Trail, an important north-south route that extended from New York to Tennessee and passed through Uniontown, Pennsylvania and Morgantown, West Virginia. In the 19th century the trail became locally known as the Morgantown Road. It is now Old USA Route 119. About 2 miles north on this road is Uniontown, the Fayette County, Pennsylvania seat, settled in the late 1760s and founded in July 1776 as Beeson&#39;s Mill.</p><br>
<p>History fans and researchers should be aware that, depending on which sources are consulted, Fort Gaddis can also be known as the "Thomas Gaddis Homestead", the "Thomas Gaddis House" or "Gaddis&#39; Fort".</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1974 as the Thomas Gaddis Homestead.</p><br>
<p>Parker House is an historic house at 185 South Street in Blue Hill, Maine. Built c. 1816 and substantially updated in the Colonial Revival style in 1900 to a design by George Albert Clough, the house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2004 for its architectural significance.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>Parker House was constructed for Robert Parker and his wife Ruth, a daughter of Blue Hill founder Joseph Wood, in 1816 (or possibly in 1812), on an upland portion of the Parker family land grants of which Parker Point was also part. After passing to other owners including Frederick Fisher, grandson of Blue Hills first settled minister Jonathan Fisher, the house was remodeled in 1900 by George A. Clough for Mrs. Frederick Augustus Merrill, a resident of Boston descended from Ruth Parkers sister, Edith Wood Hinckley, the first child of early settlers to be born in Blue Hill.</p><br>
<p>Parker House was listed on the National Register of Historic Places both for the quality of its original features and for changes made by Clough in the Colonial Revival spirit. The house contains much original woodwork including several fine fireplaces; Cloughs contributions included Tuscan-columned porches and the addition of a (now removed) wrap-around veranda and balustrades on the roofs. Prior to designation the present owner altered the interior using a device Cloughs more famous contemporary John Calvin Stevens had employed when remodeling the Federal Elias Thomas House in Portland, Maine, combining two downstairs rooms and marking the transition with a screen of columns and pilasters.</p><br>
<p>The classical mode of the Colonial Revival was considered an advancement in taste over the earlier, more rustic Shingle Style, but at this period - especially after 1893, the year of the Columbian Exposition - the style began to have associations with retrograde social politics, specifically nativism. Under pressure from below by the growing political influence of recent immigrants and from above by the social dominance of Gilded Age nouveaux riches, old families around the dawn of the 20th century tended to insist somewhat on their gentility, and often chose to imbue a sense of family history into the design and decoration of their houses.</p><br>
<p>The Merrills were no exception. They filled Parker House with oil portraits by family friend J. Harvey Young, (the one of Mrs. Merrills mother Mary Peters Hinckley Ober painted posthumously), and with antiques with family provenance, a few wrested from local cousins, creating for themselves a kind of ersatz ancestral home. (It seems clear this had long been their intention: their daughters Edith and Ruth, born in the 1880s, shared the names of two of Joseph Woods.). Among such acquisitions was a table which came up from Beverly with Joseph Wood, later given to the Blue Hill Historical Society by Mrs. Merrills granddaughter, Betty Darling Bates. (It can be seen at Holt House, the Societys headquarters, built by Stephen Holt and his wife Edith, youngest of the Parker daughters). There was also the inevitable spinning wheel, a Peters family heirloom, still in the house but now banished upstairs.</p><br>
<p>This sense of created history extended to legends concerning the houses construction, traditionally assumed to be complete before 1813. (This would have had to be the case for the tale of Joseph Wood dying in the house to be true). The story of workmen on the roof hearing the guns at Castine signaling the commencement of the War of 1812, dropping everything in their haste to join the fight then returning to pick up rusty tools where theyd fallen is surely apocryphal, being just the sort of tale conjured up at the time to romanticize the patriotic spirit of early Americans.</p><br>
<p>Yet with Civil War era anti-draft riots and lynchings of free blacks by protestors vivid in the memory of many living in 1900, being less remote in time than the Vietnam War and Watergate are to us, such stories may have had particular meaning to New Englanders steeped in the traditions of Abolitionism and military service: Mrs. Merrills elder brother had fought under Grant and she was proud to be descended from Nehemiah Hinckley, Edith Woods husband, a Blue Hill soldier who walked home from West Point after the Revolution.</p><br>
<p>As remodeled, Parker House was emphatically a summer home - Cloughs French windows were not designed to keep out winter chills - but was also conceived as a place in the country. Inspired by the House and Garden Movement, in the fashion of the day Mrs. Merrill kept a Jersey cow and laying hens, unthinkable on Parker Point where the family had previously summered. She also cultivated gladiolus in her garden, entering them at the annual Blue Hill Fair, and, in the spirit of agricultural improvement then abroad in the land, engaged Frederick Vernon Coville, the developer of the modern Highbush Blueberry, to plant a number of his early cultivars on the property. (His services did not come cheap. According to her granddaughters recollections, Mrs. Merrill would sometimes say to guests to whom she served any, "Did you enjoy the berries? They cost me a nickel apiece.") Fashionable too were her artistic pursuits. The house contains two oil still-lives and a set of hand-painted Limoges china as well as examples of her needlepoint.</p><br>
<p>Although a golfer, Mrs. Merrills husband was also artistically inclined. A letter preserved at the house from his patient and former professor at Harvard, Oliver Wendell Holmes, Sr. thanks Dr. Merrill for the gift of a hand-turned hub, presented as a token of Holmess famous remark about Boston. Dr. Merrill crafted several of the picture frames in the house including one inscribed as being made of wood from the Boston Old Elm on the Common, "Bostons Oldest Inhabitant" as it was known until it blew down in a gale in 1876. The Merrills younger daughter Ruth followed suit, graduating from the School of the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. Her thesis project, a self-portrait, still hangs in the house.</p><br>
<p>Now entering its third century, Parker House and its collections are sufficiently restored to have been included in a recent charity house tour. Illustrating close family ties to its grander neighbor, Barncastle, Parker House had on view memorabilia including scrapbooks, portraits and photographs belonging to Barncastles builder, Effie Hinckley Kline, founder of the Boston Ideal Opera Company, Washington, D.C. real estate investor and patron of the arts in Cleveland, and her husband Virgil, John D. Rockefellers private lawyer, friend and mentor of Charles W. Chesnutt and advisor to James A Garfield. Visitors were invited to examine the portrait collection to see if they could determine which pair, badly damaged by vandals in the 1940s, have received expert restoration in recent years.</p><br>
<p>Elworthy Barrows is an unfinished Iron Age hill fort, rather than Bronze Age barrows, which is designated a scheduled ancient monument . It is located in the civil parish of Brompton Ralph near Wiveliscombe, Somerset, England. It covers an area of 3.5 hectare and is surrounded by a bank and ditch.</p><br>
<h2>Background</h2><br>
<p>Hill forts developed in the Late Bronze and Early Iron Age, roughly the start of the first millennium BC. The reason for their emergence in Britain, and their purpose, has been a subject of debate. It has been argued that they could have been military sites constructed in response to invasion from continental Europe, sites built by invaders, or a military reaction to social tensions caused by an increasing population and consequent pressure on agriculture. The dominant view since the 1960s has been that the increasing use of iron led to social changes in Britain. Deposits of iron ore were located in different places to the tin and copper ore necessary to make bronze, and as a result trading patterns shifted and the old elites lost their economic and social status. Power passed into the hands of a new group of people. Archaeologist Barry Cunliffe believes that population increase still played a role and has stated " provided defensive possibilities for the community at those times when the stress burst out into open warfare. But I wouldn&#39;t see them as having been built because there was a state of war. They would be functional as defensive strongholds when there were tensions and undoubtedly some of them were attacked and destroyed, but this was not the only, or even the most significant, factor in their construction".</p><br>
<h2>Construction</h2><br>
<p>The hill fort is oval and 2.9 hectares in area. It was enclosed in the 1830s and laid to pasture and last ploughed around 1943. A polished stone axe was found at the site.</p><br>
<h2>World War II</h2><br>
<p>During World War II searchlights were installed at the site, and in 1996 it was evaluated before the construction of a new communications mast.</p><br>
<p>Robinsons Arch is the name given to a monumental staircase carried by an unusually wide stone arch, which once stood at the southwestern corner of the Temple Mount. It was built as part of the expansion of the Second Temple initiated by Herod the Great at the end of the 1st century BCE. Recent findings suggest that it may not have been completed until at least 20 years after his death. The massive stone span was constructed along with the retaining walls of the Temple Mount. It carried traffic up from ancient Jerusalems Lower Market area and over the Tyropoeon street to the Royal Stoa complex on the esplanade of the Mount. The overpass was destroyed during the Great Jewish Revolt, only a few decades after its completion.</p><br>
<p>The arch is named after Biblical scholar Edward Robinson who identified its remnants in 1838. Excavations during the second half of the 20th century revealed both its purpose and the extent of its associated structures. Today the considerable surviving portions of the ancient overpass complex may be viewed by the public within the Jerusalem Archaeological Park. As it is adjacent to Jerusalem&#39;s Western Wall worship area, a portion is used by some groups as a place of prayer.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Robinsons Arch was constructed as part of King Herods renovation and expansion of the Second Temple, announced in 20–19 BCE. It was built to link the Tyropoeon Valley street, a major traffic artery in the Second Temple Period, with the Royal Stoa at the southern end of the Temple Mount platform.</p><br>
<p>The site abuts a major ancient intersection. Opposite lay a large public square fronting the Temples main Hulda Gates. The Tyropoeon street itself was lined with shops and formed part of the citys Lower Market. The Royal Stoa, an exceptionally large basilica complex which served various commercial and legal functions, looked down on the intersection from atop the Temple platform. Although the Stoa stood on the Temple esplanade, it was constructed upon an expansion added by Herod. It was therefore evidently not considered sacred by some at the time, allowing it to be used for mundane activities. The heavy public traffic to and from this edifice accounts for the width of the stepped street, which approximates that of a modern four-lane highway.</p><br>
<p>Fragments of a gate once located at the top of the overpass have been recovered. From these, the gate&#39;s width has been calculated at 5 m. Due to the few extant gate remnants, it has not been established whether there may have been more than one gate. There may have been a single gate, a double gate, or even a triple gate opening into the Royal Stoa complex at this point.</p><br>
<p>The conventional view of modern-archaeologists is to reckon the counting of these four gates (e.g. 1, 2, 3 and 4) from left to right, as one would count in Western societies, making Robinson&#39;s Arch the fourth and last in a row, counting from left to right. The question, however, which arises is whether or not Josephus, a Hebrew who was accustomed to reckon numbered objects while counting them from right to left, intended that this gate should, in fact, be the first gate mentioned in his description of the gates leading into the Temple Mount enclosure on its western side.</p><br>
<p>According to the Mishnah (Middot 1:3), a compendium of oral teachings received and compiled by Rabbi Judah the Prince in 189 CE, only one gate on the western side of the Temple Mount was actually in use and "served for coming in and for going out," namely, the Kiponus Gate. The other gates, presumably, had been sealed earlier. It is of singular importance that Josephus notes that of the gates built into the western enclosure of the Temple Mount, there was a bridge that also ascended to one of these gates and which same bridge was broken-off by the insurgents during their war with Rome, most likely the bridge leading to the only serviceable gate.</p><br>
<h3>Construction</h3><br>
<p>The arch was built as part of the Temple Mount&#39;s massive western retaining wall, which forms its eastern support. The voussoirs spring from a row of impost blocks which were cut to produce a dentil pattern. There have been some theories which speculate that the dentils were employed as part of a system used to shore up timber forms used during construction. However, this was a common decorative element employed in the region at the time, and archaeologists have noted that in this region of limited forests it is much more likely that packed earth, rather than expensive timbers, was used to support the form on which the arch was constructed.</p><br>
<p>Upon completion the arch spanned 15 m and had a width of 15.2 m. The stepped street it bore over a series of seven additional arches was more than 35 m in length. Robinsons Arch itself stood 12 m to the north of the southwestern corner of the Temple Mounts retaining wall, soaring some 17 m over the ancient Tyropoeon street that once ran along the Temple Mount&#39;s western wall. It was among the most massive stone arches of classical antiquity.</p><br>
<p>Although Herod&#39;s renovation of the Second Temple was initiated in late 1st century BCE, excavations beneath the street near the arch revealed three oil lamps of a type common in the first century CE and 17 identifiable coins, several of which were struck by Valerius Gratus, Roman procurator of Judea, in the year 17/18 CE. This means that the arch and nearby sections of the Western Wall were constructed after this date.</p><br>
<h3>Destruction</h3><br>
<p>The destruction of Robinson&#39;s Arch occurred during the events surrounding the Roman sacking of Jerusalem in 70 CE. It has traditionally been blamed on the Roman legions which destroyed the Temple Mount enclosure and eventually set fire to the entire city.</p><br>
<p>South of the Temple Mount, excavators have uncovered an inscribed Roman milestone bearing the names of Vespasian and Titus, fashioned from one of the staircase handrails which stood on top of the arch. This places the destruction of the arch at no later than 79 CE.</p><br>
<h2>Rediscovery and excavations</h2><br>
<p>Four stone courses of the eastern spring of the arch, consisting of a row of impost blocks and three layers of voussoirs, have survived to modern times. This remnant was first identified in 1838 by Biblical scholar Edward Robinson and now bears his name. At that time, prior to any excavations, remains of the arch were at ground level.</p><br>
<p>During his investigations of 1867–1870, Charles Warren noted the presence of a large pier 13 m west of the wall and the remains of the arch. Warren concluded this was but one of many supports for a supposed series of arches supporting a bridge spanning the valley. He subsequently dug a series of seven shafts to the west at regular intervals, yet found no evidence of additional piers.</p><br>
<p>Only during Benjamin Mazar&#39;s excavations between 1968 and 1977</p><br>
<p>was it discovered that the pier was in fact the western support of a single great arch. Numerous stone steps, some still adjoined, were also found nearby.</p><br>
<p>Excavations near the arch resumed between 1994 and 1996, directed by Ronny Reich and Yaacov Billig. These have uncovered much of the debris from the collapse of the arch. The remains include both stairs from the staircase and stones from its rounded handrails. Some of these are still visible where they were found, at the Jerusalem Archaeological Park now occupying the site.</p><br>
<h2>Egalitarian prayer site</h2><br>
<p>The location of the arch along the western wall of the Temple Mount, yet at a distance from the Western Wall plaza, has prompted the Israeli Government to allow the area to be used for alternative (non-Orthodox)services.</p><br>
<p>In 2003 Israels Supreme Court disallowed women from reading the Torah or wearing traditional prayer shawls at the plaza itself, yet instructed the Israeli government to prepare the site of Robinsons Arch to host such events. The site was inaugurated in August 2004 and has since hosted services by Reform and Conservative groups, as well as by other movements, such as Women of the Wall activists. This has resulted in the location being referred to as "HaKotel HaMasorti" ("Traditional Wall" -traditional meaning: all Jewish traditions not related to Orthodoxy; as opposed to the "Kotel HaMaravi -Western Wall which is Orthodox, not traditional).</p><br>
<p>The court-ordered compromise, however, continues to be contentious. Reform and "Women of the Wall" activists consider the location to be unsatisfactory, in part due to the designation of the park as an archaeological site and the resulting restrictions on access and worship, and in part due to their perceived treatment as "second-class citizens" and their exclusion from the Western Wall plaza. Eric Yoffie, president of the Union for Reform Judaism, has also expressed the opinion that "The wall as its been understood by the Jewish people does not mean Robinsons Arch... It just doesn&#39;t."</p><br>
<p>In January 2017, the Israeli High Court ruled that if the government of Israel could not find "good cause" to prohibit women reading from the Torah in prayer services at the Western Wall within 30 days, women could do so; they also ruled that the Israeli government could no longer argue that the Robinson’s Arch area of the plaza is "access to the Western Wall."(whereas the Orthodox argued for prohibiting non Orthodox worship there due to its causing limitations of access to the Western Wall).</p><br>
<p>The Bell Telephone Building, located at 920 Olive Street in downtown St. Louis, Missouri, was built in 1889 for the purposes of housing the switchboard and local headquarters of the Bell Telephone Company. The building served as the main telephone exchange for St. Louis from its construction until 1926, and it is the oldest extant telephone building in St. Louis .</p><br>
<h2>History and restoration</h2><br>
<p>The earliest St. Louis telephone exchange was located in the National Bank Building at 417 Olive (since demolished) in 1878. By the late 1880s, space for a dedicated telephone exchange facility was needed. Groundbreaking occurred in 1889 after the acceptance of the Boston-based Shepley, Rutan and Coolidge design, and the final construction cost was $154,225. The main switchboard room was at the top of the building (then only six stories). Between 1890 and 1910 telephone use expanded dramatically, and the local St. Louis Bell Company merged with other Bell telephone companies to form Southwestern Bell by 1920. In 1923, Southwestern Bell absorbed the local St. Louis telephone competitor, Kinloch Telephone, adding to pressure on the capacity of the building. These pressures resulted in the construction of the nearby Southwestern Bell Building in St. Louis between 1923 and 1926.</p><br>
<p>After Southwestern Bell vacated the building, it became used as a retail and warehouse facility for the St. Louis print company S.G. Adams Stationery, which was purchased by Comfort Printing in 1959 (but continued operating under the original name).</p><br>
<p>The building became the flagship store for S.G. Adams during the 1960s through the 1980s. However, S.G. Adams refocused its business model on commercial printing in the early 1990s, closing its retail locations. The Bell Telephone Building became the final retail store of S.G. Adams, and it was closed and vacated in 1994.</p><br>
<p>Between 1999 and 2004, restoration of the building created residential loft apartments in upper floors, with commercial retail at ground level. One of the early ground level tenants was City Grocers, a specialty market that also dealt in necessities for downtown condo and loft dwellers, which assumed the place of the only grocery store in downtown St. Louis from its opening in 2004 until the opening of a new format of Schnucks supermarket at Olive and 9th streets in 2009.</p><br>
<p>Upper floors of the building continue to be used as residential apartments under the operation of St. Louis LoftWorks.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The building is a seven-story commercial building of brick and red sandstone, with three-story arcades rising from the ground-level storefronts. The building originally was built with six stories, while a seventh was added in the same style as the lower levels in 1919 to meet rising demands for space. In 1940, a limestone sheath covered the original storefronts after the building was purchased by S.G. Adams. The eastern wall of the building is blank brick and rises above a neighboring four-story building. The roof is flat, while a parapet wall surrounds the building on all sides.</p><br>
<p>Bell Telephone primarily is significant for its rarity in St. Louis architecture. Most downtown Romanesque Revival buildings were demolished during the 20th century, with some notable exceptions (such as the Cupples Station warehouse complex). It also is one of only a handful of buildings in St. Louis designed by either Henry Hobson Richardson or his successor firm Shepley, Rutan and Coolidge.</p><br>
<p>The North Lawrence–Monroe Street Historic District was a 2.8 acre historic district in Montgomery, Alabama. It comprised 132-148, 216, and 220 Monroe Street and 14, 22, 28-40, and 56 North Lawrence Street, containing a total of six contributing buildings. These buildings were significant in that they housed African American businesses during the era of segregation, making this a commercial center for African Americans in Montgomery. The businesses played a supporting role during the Montgomery Bus Boycott in 1955–56 by providing dispatch and pick-up services. The district was placed on the National Register of Historic Places on August 30, 1984. The entire block was subsequently demolished in the mid-1990s to allow construction of a parking deck for the RSA Tower.</p><br>
<p>Fairfax Hall, also known as Brandon Hotel or Fairfax Hall School, is a historic building located at Waynesboro, Virginia. It was built in 1890, and is a 2 1/2-story, very long and rambling resort hotel building in the shingled mode of the Queen Anne style. It has an irregular symmetry with towers at either end of the facade, a one-story porte cochere, a distinctive octagonal belvedere and cupola, and glassed in first story porches. Also on the property is a contributing gymnasium, built in 1926 in the European Renaissance style. It was originally occupied by the Brandon Hotel resort. The Brandon closed in 1913 but the building reopened as a school. In 1920 the school became Fairfax Hall, a junior college and preparatory school for girls. After the school closed in 1975, it was leased by the Virginia Department of Corrections as a training academy but then purchased and reopened as a retirement home.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.</p><br>
<p>Noteworthy students of the college and preparatory school for girls are many. Nikki Hornsby is one professional whose life long career was encouraged by the administration and student body, as she represented Fairfax Hall on commercial local TV, at local hospitals, and at many social events within the Waynesboro area in the Shenandoah Valley of Virginia. Also Julia Brownley a congressional and political Democratic representative by district by California State voters.</p><br>
<p>First United Methodist Church is a historic church located at 505 Main St., Paintsville, Kentucky, United States. In 1989, the church was added to the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>The congregation was established in 1865. The congregation constructed a wood frame building at the corner of Church St. and Main St. This building fulfilled the congregation&#39;s needs until 1914, when the current building was constructed at the same location.</p><br>
<p>The current building was originally constructed at a cost of a mere $16,000. The most recent addition is a Family Life Center with gym and commercial kitchen and was completed in 2004 at a cost of approximately $1,200,000.00. The church is growing and offers three primary worship services: Sunday Morning 8:30 Traditional, Sunday Morning 10:45 Blended, and Sunday Evening "607" contemporary.</p><br>
<p>The Port Republic Road Historic District is a national historic district in Waynesboro, Virginia. In 2002, it included 83 buildings deemed to contribute to the historic character of the area, plus one other contributing structure and one contributing site, a foundation. They include buildings such as houses, garages, sheds, commercial buildings, churches, and meeting halls, and structures such as carports and animal sheds. The historically African-American neighborhood developed after the American Civil War. Notable buildings include the Shiloh Baptist Church , the early-20th century Elks and Abraham lodges, the Rosenwald School, which incorporates a 1938-39 auditorium/gymnasium, and Tarry&#39;s Hotel .</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2002.</p><br>
<p>The Tree Streets Historic District is a 120 acre historic district in Waynesboro, Virginia. The aptly named district contains portions of Cherry, Chestnut, Locust, Maple, Oak, Pine and Walnut Avenues as well as potions of Eleventh through Sixteenth Streets and part of South Wayne Avenue. It covers the oldest residential neighborhood in Waynesboro, and reflects the various stages of development of the city from the 19th century through 1951. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2002. In 2002, it included 445 buildings deemed to contribute to the historic character of the area, two contributing sites, and seven other contributing structures.</p><br>
<p>The oldest structure in the district is the Old Stone House, on Oak Avenue overlooking the South River. The age of the house is uncertain, with estimates ranging from the mid-18th century through the early 19th century. Though it has been extensively renovated at least twice, it retains the original 18 in fieldstone walls, chimneys at each end and some examples of original woodwork within. On the same property sometime before 1866, the neighboring Rose Cliff was erected. The two story brick Rose Cliff was the plantation house for a large farm and orchard. In 2006, it was listed separately in the National Register of Historic Places for its architectural significance.</p><br>
<p>About 1890, development was begun in earnest by the successful Waynesboro Company. Early development of this era included Queen Anne style residences like the W.J. Whitaker House at 517 Walnut Avenue and the Fry House at 428 Maple Avenue. The Fry House was designed by architect Carrington Hubbard, and the Whitaker House seems to be a variation of his design. Similarities between the two houses are many, including bay windows, balconies, patterned spandrels and reeded window surrounds while differences include the Fry Houses octagonal turret and the Whitaker Houses front door transom window. Related groupings of houses such as these were common during this period of development. Another feature indicative of development at this time is "a circular gable vent with a chrysanthemum-like piercing pattern", like the one at 353-357 Chestnut Avenue.</p><br>
<p>Porphyry Island is an island in Unorganized Thunder Bay District in northwestern Ontario, Canada. It is the last island in a chain stretching south west of the Black Bay Peninsula in Lake Superior. It is located about 6 km from Edward Island Provincial Park, 13 km from Sleeping Giant Provincial Park, 14 km east of Silver Islet, Ontario, and 42 km east of the city of Thunder Bay.</p><br>
<p>The island and nature reserve take their name from the characteristic quartz and feldspar crystals, or porphyries found in the volcanic rocks.</p><br>
<p>The entire 107 hectare island constitutes the Porphyry Island Provincial Park or nature reserve.</p><br>
<h2>Point Porphyry Lighthouse</h2><br>
<p>The federal government established a lighthouse at Point Porphyry in 1873. This is located at the southwestern tip of the island.</p><br>
<p>Cagdanao is an island in the province of Palawan in the Philippines. The island is located 29 km east from the town of Taytay in northern Palawan and 13 km from El Nido Airport.</p><br>
<p>The island is surrounded with a coral reef, from shallow coral gardens to deep drop-offs on the north side. Cagdanao Island offers a variety of diving sites around the island. On the island, beaches frontage of 400 m with white sand and a 500 m of flat land that extend back to edge of the hills. Hilly elevation with vegetation like palms, loamy and forest soil sandy.</p><br>
<p>Access to the island is mainly from Palawan, via a 40-minute sail with a speedboat. Cagdanao Island is a popular site for snorkeling and scuba diving in and around its coral reef. Damselfish (Pomacentridae), gobies (Gobiidae) and wrasses (Labridae) are the most abundant fish families.</p><br>
<p>A beach resort called Cagdanao Island Beach Resort is situated on the island.</p><br>
<p>The Qalat al-Bahrain , also known as the Bahrain Fort or Fort of Bahrain and previously as the Portugal Fort  is an archaeological site located in Bahrain, on the Arabian Peninsula. Archaeological excavations carried out since 1954 have unearthed antiquities from an artificial mound of 12 m height containing seven stratified layers, created by various occupants from 2300 BC up to the 18th century, including Kassites, Greeks, Portuguese and Persians. It was once the capital of the Dilmun civilization and was inscribed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2005.</p><br>
<h2>History and explorations</h2><br>
<p>The archaeological findings, which are unearthed in the fort, reveal much about the history of the country. The area is thought to have been occupied for about 5000 years and contains a valuable insight into the Copper and Bronze Ages of Bahrain.</p><br>
<p>The first Bahrain Fort was built around three thousand years ago, on the northeastern peak of Bahrain Island. The present fort dates from the sixth century AD. The capital of the Dilmun civilization, Dilmun was, according to the Epic of Gilgamesh, the "land of immortality", the ancestral place of Sumerians and a meeting point of gods.&lt;ref name="Whelan1983</p><br>
<p>The site has been termed as Bahrain&#39;s "most important site in antiquity". The first excavation at the site was carried out by a Danish led by Geoffrey Bibby between 1954 and 1972, and later by a French expedition from 1977. Since 1987 Bahrain archaeologists have been involved with this work. The archaeological findings have revealed seven civilizations of urban structures beginning with Dilmun empire, the most important ancient civilization of the region. The Danish expedition revealed that it was a notable Hellenistic site.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The fort and the tell Qal&#39;at al-Bahrain is built on, are located on the Bahrain island, on the northern seashore. On a clear day it is also seen from Saar. It stands like a "sentinel" near Manama, the capital of Bahrain; it is 6 km away from Manama on the fertile north coast. The tell is the largest in the Persian Gulf region and was built close to the port and by reclamation of seashore land.</p><br>
<p>Qal&#39;at al-Bahrain</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Qal`at al-Bahrain is a typical tell – an artificial mound created by many successive layers of human occupation. The strata spreads over a 180,000 ft&sup2; area, which encompasses the tell. This testifies to a continuous human presence from about 2300 BC to the 16th century AD. About 25% of the site has been excavated revealing structures of different types: residential, public, commercial, religious and military. They testify to the importance of the site as a trading port over the centuries. On the top of the 12 m mound, there is the impressive Qal`at al-Burtughal (Portuguese fort), which gave the whole site its name, qal`a, meaning "fort". As the site was the capital of the Dilmun civilisation, it contains the richest remains of this civilization, which was hitherto only known from written Sumerian references.</p><br>
<p>The site contains many areas and walls, including Saar necropolis, Al-Hajjar necropolis, Kassite Palace, Madimat Hermand necropolis, Madimat Isa necropolis, Al-Maqsha Necropolis, Palace of Uperi, Shakhura necropolis, and the Northern city wall.</p><br>
<h2>Layout</h2><br>
<p>The excavations of the tel has revealed a small settlement, the only one of that period in eastern Arabia, on its northern side. It has been inferred that the village was settled by people who developed agriculture near the oasis, planted palm trees, tended cattle, sheep and goats and also ventured into fishing in the Arabian Sea. The small houses they built were made of rough stone with clay or mortar as binding material. The plastered floors in the houses were said to have been spacious. Excavations also hinted that the village had streets which separated the housing complexes.</p><br>
<p>The fortifications seen in the excavated tel area were found around the township and were erected in cardinal directions. The fort walls are seen now only in the northern, western and southern slopes of the tel, and the eastern side is yet to be excavated. The fortifications covered an area of 15 hectare, and the walls were built with varying thickness by using stone masonry, and had gates which allowed transport and passing through, such as of donkey caravans. The fortifications were frequently raised, as noted from the gates erected at four levels; the latest gate had two polished stone (made of fine grained material) pivots which fixed a double leafed gate. The western wall was seen well-preserved for a length of 9 m. The streets were laid in north–south direction and were 12 m wide.</p><br>
<p>There was a palace in the centre of the tel at a commanding location consisting of several warehouses which were inferred as indicative of economic activity during the Dilmun period. Proceeding from here towards the north, along the street leads, to a large gate that probably was the entry to the palace grounds. The modest houses built in the same size and type of construction were laid along a network of roads.</p><br>
<p>The place prospered till 1800 BC after when it was deserted. Eventually the town became covered with drift sand from the sea.</p><br>
<h2>Antiquaries</h2><br>
<p>Metal artifacts found in the tel were limited to copper pieces, fishing tools and a socketed spearhead; a workshop of 525 m size was also identified where copper casting two piece moulds and wax moulds were found. Small and large crucibles used for melting of metal were recovered in substantial quantities indicative of large scale manufacture by professional artisans. The copper ware was then traded in surrounding countries such as Oman and Mesopotamia. Dilmun stamp seals were also recovered from the excavations.</p><br>
<p>Pots and vessels were also recovered. Pots were used for cooking, while the large vessels for food import from Oman and Mesopotamia. Artifacts found there indicates the location. These include a cuneiform inscription and hematite, both of which link to Mesopotamia; steatite bowls to Oman; and carnelian beads, a stone weight and a few potsherds to the Indus Civilization.</p><br>
<p>The Serranía de las Quinchas is an 860 km area of tropical rainforest and cloud forest in Colombia. It lies in the mid Magdalena River Valley in the foothills of the Cordillera Oriental of the Colombian Andes. It ranges in altitude from 200 m to 1,700 m. It is listed as an Important Bird Area, under criteria A1 and A2, as it holds populations of globally threatened and restricted range species. It contains the 848 hectare El Paujil Nature Reserve, established by the Fundación ProAves in 2004.</p><br>
<p>Threatened birds found in the Serranía de las Quinchas include the wattled guan, blue-billed curassow, saffron-headed parrot, white-mantled barbet, beautiful woodpecker, Antioquia bristle-tyrant, grey-throated warbler, turquoise dacnis and sooty ant-tanager. It is also home to the critically endangered brown spider monkey.</p><br>
<p>The Forêt de Bouconne is located in southwest France, on the border of the departments of Gers and Haute-Garonne about thirty kilometres west of Toulouse. The forest has an area of 27 km&sup2; and is managed primarily by the National Forests Office . It also includes privately owned woods and woods belonging to the local communes of L&#39;Isle-Jourdain, Lévignac-sur-Save, Montaigut-sur-Save. It is the only large forest near Toulouse. It hosts a leisure centre and outdoor recreation areas.</p><br>
<p>The Forêt de Bouconne is traversed by many paths used by walkers, mountain bikers and horse riders.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Up until the Middle Ages, the forest extended much further than its present boundaries. To the south it reached the Forêt de Fabas and the Forêt de Mauboussin near Esparron., still-existing fragments of the once much larger forest.</p><br>
<h2>Fauna and flora</h2><br>
<p>The dominant tree species in the forest are sessile oak, pine and sweet chestnut. Among the other trees present are pedunculate oak, cork oak, alder, hornbeam, lime, service tree, ash, Nordmann fir, red oak and Scots pine.</p><br>
<p>It is home to wild boar and roe deer. Other smaller mammal species are present such as the genet, fox and badger. The short-toed eagle hunts on its periphery.</p><br>
<p>The Bradley-Hubbell House is an historic house located at 535 Black Rock Turnpike in Easton, Connecticut. Built in 1816 for Aljah and Elizabeth Bradley, it is a Colonial with a traditional center-chimney plan and a few Federal-style ornaments, including oval windows in the gables, a parlor mantel, and rope molding on the stairs. In 1912, Bradley descendants sold the property to the Bridgeport Hydraulic Company, which flooded much of the farmland for a reservoir and leased the house to Franklin Hubbell , one of its employees. In 1998, the house was donated to the Easton Historical Society, which is restoring it.</p><br>
<p>Two occupants have left memoirs of their life in the house. The first was John Dimon Bradley, son of Aljah and Elizabeth, who described life on what was mainly a subsistence farm in the 19th century. The second was Patricia Hubbell, daughter of Franklin Hubbell, who wrote about her life while she lived in the house between about 1932 and 1954.</p><br>
<p>On April 18, 2003, it was added to the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>The house overlooks the Aspectuck Reservoir.</p><br>
<p>The house is located on Black Rock Turnpike, on which the British marched to Danbury, Connecticut during the American Revolutionary War. However, the house had not yet been constructed at that time.</p><br>
<p>Notleymere , also known as the Frank Norton estate, is a historic house located on the eastern shore of Cazenovia Lake in Cazenovia, Madison County, New York. The large, Shingle Style "summer cottage" was designed by architect Robert W. Gibson. It is a picturesque, asymmetrically massed, -story structure, sheathed in dark-stained wooden shingles and covered by a steeply pitched, multi-gabled, shingle roof. It features two tall, corbelled brick chimneys and a three-story polygonal turret.</p><br>
<p>The property was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1991.</p><br>
<p>After acting as a Bed and breakfast for years, it was purchased in 2013. It was extensively remodeled in 2014-2015, updating the historic house to be used as a private family residence.</p><br>
<p>Several hundred yards north of it is another "summer cottage" on the National Register, Ormonde.</p><br>
<p>The Garden Homes Historic District is a residential historic district located in the Chatham neighborhood of the South Side, Chicago, Illinois. The district includes 152 residential buildings, 88 of which are contributing buildings, built in 1919-20 as Chicago&#39;s first large housing project. The newly formed Chicago Housing Association, a group of 22 prominent Chicago businessmen that included J. Ogden Armour, Charles H. Wacker, and William Wrigley, Jr., planned the homes as an affordable housing project for working-class Chicagoans. At the time, the city was suffering from a post-World War I housing crisis, and many of its working-class residents lived in tenements or other unlivable housing. Architect Charles Sumner Frost designed the homes, which were mainly brick cottages and stucco duplexes. The houses were built on unusually large lots for the time; the extra land was designed to serve as garden space for residents.</p><br>
<p>The district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on February 28, 2005.</p><br>
<p>The Shakespeare Garden in Evanston, Illinois is a Shakespeare garden on the campus of Northwestern University. Planned in 1915 and built from 1916 to 1929, the garden was the first Shakespeare Garden in the United States. The garden was designed by landscape architect Jens Jensen and was constructed by the Garden Club of Evanston, which still maintains the area. In 1988, the garden was listed on the USA National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>Design</h2><br>
<p>The Shakespeare Garden is located on the Northwestern University campus at the corner of Sheridan Road and Garrett Place, near the Howes Chapel and Garrett&ndash;Evangelical Theological Seminary. The garden is 70 ft wide by 120 ft long and is divided into eight flower beds. The four outer beds are designed informally, while the four inner beds are knot gardens; the outer and inner beds are separated by boxwood plants. The borders of the garden are lined with hawthorn trees, many of which were imported from France when the garden was first planted. The more than fifty varieties of plants in the garden were either mentioned in Shakespeare&#39;s works, common in the Tudor period in England, or are cultivars of plants in the other two categories.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1915, the Drama League of America recommended the construction of Shakespeare gardens to commemorate the 300th anniversary of the playwrights death. Noted Chicago landscape architect and Drama League member Jens Jensen designed such a garden, and fellow member Alice Houston suggested that the Garden Club of Evanston adopt the design. Northwestern University agreed to host the garden on its campus in late 1915, and construction and planting began the following spring. To raise funds for the garden, the Garden Club hosted its first garden fair in May 1916; the fair became an annual event and is still held to this day. Planting in the garden was finished in 1920, and in the following decade the Garden Club added the gardens other features. The completed garden was the first Shakespeare garden in the United States. In 1930, the garden was officially given to Northwestern; however, it is still maintained by the Garden Club. The garden was added to the National Register of Historic Places on November 16, 1988. A sundial and brick edging on the inner flower beds were added to the garden in 1990. The garden celebrated its centennial birthday in 2015.</p><br>
<p>York Lodge, also known as Bittersweet, is a historic home and national historic district located at Cazenovia in Madison County, New York. The district contains six contributing buildings and one contributing site. The main house, which was built about 1904, is an eclectic mansion with features reflecting a combination of the then popular Jacobethan Revival, Georgian Revival, and Shingle Styles. It is a -story, L-shaped, frame dwelling built as a summer residence. It features a 2-story, semi-circular sleeping porch with shingled piers and a conical roof. Also on the property is a gazebo, carriage house, gardener&#39;s cottage, garage, and two work sheds.</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1991.</p><br>
<p>Thomas Square is a park in Honolulu, Hawaii named for Admiral Richard Darton Thomas. The Privy Council voted to increase its boundaries on March 8, 1850, making Thomas Square the oldest city park in Hawaii.</p><br>
<h2>Hawaii</h2><br>
<p>In February 1843 Lord George Paulet on seized and occupied the Kingdom of Hawaii during the Paulet Affair.</p><br>
<p>On July 26 Admiral Richard Darton Thomas sailed into Honolulu harbor on his flagship. He became Local Representative of the British Commission by out-ranking Paulet. His intention was to end the occupation. On July 31, he held the Hawaiian flag in his hands as he officially transferred the islands back to King Kamehameha III who said the words Ua Mau ke Ea o ka ʻĀina i ka Pono in a speech during a ceremony to mark his restoration. Roughly translated from the Hawaiian language it means "The sovereignty of the land is perpetuated in righteousness" and has become the state motto of Hawaii, incorporated into the Seal of Hawaii. The British flag set was pulled down and the Hawaiian flag was raised, followed by a series of 21 gun salutes from the Fort, the British ships Carysfort, Dublin, Hazzard, the American ship Constellation, and lastly by guns at the park.</p><br>
<p>Kamehameha III later named the place where the ceremony was held in Downtown Honolulu 21&deg;18&prime;9&Prime;N latitude, 157&deg;50&prime;56&Prime;W longitude "Thomas Square" in Admiral Thomas&#39;s honor and dedicated it as a public park.</p><br>
<p>After the Privy Council demarcated Thomas Squares enlargement on March 8, 1850, the park was still merely a dusty field. A "cheap fence" was installed around 1873. Oats were sown and harvested and algaroba (kiawe) trees were planted soon after 1873, but there was still little shade at the park. It was around this time that the merchant Archibald Scott Cleghorn (husband of Princess Miriam Likelike, father of Princess Kaʻiulani, and brother-in-law of Kalākaua and Liliuokalani) began stewarding Thomas Square and Emma Square (the only two parks in Honolulu at that point). By 1883, Cleghorn had approved Robert Stirlings park design which laid out a series of circles and semi-circles for paths. Since Honolulu&#39;s treasury was in "dire condition" at the time, Cleghorn brought banyan trees from ʻĀinahau, his Waikiki estate, to plant and create more shade. He also asked his friends for money to design and build a bandstand, seating, and add more planting. Within several years, the bandstand was designed and installed by Mr. F. Wilhelm while more shrubs and trees were planted. The improved park celebrated a successful grand opening on April 7, 1887 where the Royal Hawaiian Band performed to a huge crowd.</p><br>
<p>In 1925 it was made into a park managed by the City and County of Honolulu.</p><br>
<p>In the early 1930s, the Parks Boards commissioned and adopted a renovation landscape plan by Catherine J. Richards and Robert O. Thompson. The renovation included a mock orange hedge along the curbs, flower beds bisecting a central walkway, and a terraces and coral wall parallel to Beretania Street. It was during this renovation period in 1932 that The Outdoor Circle donated the central memorial fountain, dedicating it to the late Beatrice Castle Newcomb, who had been the President of the Outdoor Circle from 1922 to 1929.</p><br>
<p>In 1938, The Daughters of Hawaii then unveiled a plaque to commemorate the historic flag-raising event.</p><br>
<p>In 1942, the US Army built barracks at Thomas Square to quarter troops during World War II. It received $50,000 in 1966 for a renovation that included an expanded comfort station, a new coral walkway from Beretania Street, and tree-pruning to thin out the canopies to allow for more light and air.</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places listings in Oahu on April 25, 1972.</p><br>
<p>It is state historic site 80-14-9990.</p><br>
<p>Beginning in 2011, the Northern side of Thomas Square became an encampment site for (De)Occupy Honolulu, a Hawaiʻi affiliate of the Occupy movement. As such, regular protests and police conflicts have become a feature of the area.</p><br>
<p>July 31 is celebrated as Lā Hoihoi Ea or Restoration Day holiday. The pathways in the park are shaped in the form of the British flag. A fountain is in the center of the square, surrounded by trees. Across the street is the Honolulu Museum of Art.</p><br>
<p>The Chittenango Landing Dry Dock Complex provided dry dock for canalboats on the old Erie Canal. The original complex was built in 1856 and abandoned after this section of the "enlarged" Erie canal was bypassed by the new barge canal in 1917.</p><br>
<p>The current restoration began in 1986 when the original dry docks were excavated, since then several buildings have been restored, one of which acts as a museum building for the Chittenango Landing Canal Boat Museum.</p><br>
<p>The site was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1992. The listing includes six contributing structures over a 6.6 acre area.</p><br>
<p>The site includes three dry dock bays.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Chittenango Landing dry docks were constructed in 1856 as part of the enlarged canal expansion of the original "Clinton ditch" canal. Due to the similarity in construction with other nearby dry docks in Newark, Albion, and Middleport the Chittenango docks were possibly constructed by the same contractor.</p><br>
<p>The dry dock property was first purchased for $1400.00 from the Yates Estate in 1856 and changed ownership numerous times during its existence.</p><br>
<p>After the enlarged canal ceased operation, the Chittenango Landing site was used for agricultural operations, the barn at the site was used to house horses, cows, and chickens through</p><br>
<p>the first half of the twentieth century. The sites warehouse was also cut in half and moved, using block and tackle, to a new location behind the sites sawmill where it was used as an icehouse. The site was also subject to scavenging of wood from its building and abandoned barge, the Beech Nut. In 1950, stones were removed from the dry-docks’ walls for use in construction of the New York State Thruway. Two canal era residences still remained on the property as late as 1972.</p><br>
<p>The Redwoods Hotel, also known as the Redwood Towers, is an historic six-story hotel building located at 306-310 Northwest 6th Street in Grants Pass, Josephine County, Oregon. Built in 1926 of reinforced concrete with cast concrete art deco ornamentation on its front facade, it was designed by the architectural firm of Tourtellotte and Hummel, noted for the many buildings it designed in Idaho and Oregon. Its builder was R.I.  Stuart, of Medford, Oregon, who completed it in 6 months. It was built as an expansion of the adjacent 3-story brick Josephine Hotel and originally contained 45 hotel rooms with retail space on its first floor. The old Josephine Hotel was completely gutted by fire in 1975 and was razed. After the fire, the owners of the Redwoods Hotel made the decision to convert its upper floors to office space.</p><br>
<p>On October 25, 1979, it was added to the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>The Aleutian Islands  are a chain of 14 large volcanic islands and 55 smaller ones belonging to both the United States and Russia. They form part of the Aleutian Arc in the Northern Pacific Ocean, occupying an area of 6,821 sq mi  and extending about 1,200 mi westward from the Alaska Peninsula toward the Kamchatka Peninsula in Russia, and mark a dividing line between the Bering Sea to the north and the Pacific Ocean to the south. Crossing longitude 180°, at which point east and west longitude end, the archipelago contains both the westernmost part of the United States by longitude  and the easternmost by longitude . The westernmost USA island in real terms, however, is Attu Island, west of which runs the International Date Line. While nearly all the archipelago is part of Alaska and is usually considered as being in the "Alaskan Bush", at the extreme western end, the small, geologically related Commander Islands belong to Russia.</p><br>
<p>The islands, with their 57 volcanoes, are in the northern part of the Pacific Ring of Fire. Physiographically, they are a distinct section of the larger Pacific Border province, which in turn is part of the larger Pacific Mountain System physiographic division.</p><br>
<p>These Islands are most known for the battles and skirmishes that occurred there during the Aleutian Islands Campaign of World War II. It was one of only two attacks on the United States during that war.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The islands, known before 1867 as the Catherine Archipelago, comprise five groups (east to west):</p><br>
<p>the Fox Islands</p><br>
<p>Islands of Four Mountains</p><br>
<p>Andreanof</p><br>
<p>Rat Islands, and</p><br>
<p>Near Islands</p><br>
<p>All five are located between 51° and 55° N latitude and 172° W and 163° W longitude. The largest islands in the Aleutians are Attu (the furthest from the mainland), and Unalaska, Umnak, and Unimak in the Fox Islands. The largest of those is Unimak Island, with an area of 1,571.41 mi² (4,069.9 km²), followed by Unalaska Island, the only other Aleutian Island with an area over 1,000 square miles.</p><br>
<p>The axis of the archipelago near the mainland of Alaska has a southwest trend, but near 179° its direction changes to the northwest. This change of direction corresponds to a curve in the line of volcanic fissures that have contributed their products to the building of the islands. Such curved chains are repeated about the Pacific Ocean in the Kuril Islands, the Japanese chain, and in the Philippines. All these island arcs are at the edge of the Pacific Plate and experience much seismic activity, but are still habitable; the Aleutians lie between the Pacific and North American tectonic plates. The general elevation is greatest in the eastern islands and least in the western. The island chain is a western continuation of the Aleutian Range on the mainland.</p><br>
<p>The great majority of the islands bear evident marks of volcanic origin, and there are numerous volcanic cones on the north side of the chain, some of them active; many of the islands, however, are not wholly volcanic, but contain crystalline or sedimentary rocks, and also amber and beds of lignite. The coasts are rocky and surf-worn, and the approaches are exceedingly dangerous, the land rising immediately from the coasts to steep, bold mountains.</p><br>
<p>These volcanic islands reach heights of 6,200 ft. Makushin Volcano (5,691 ft) located on Unalaska Island, is not quite visible from within the town of Unalaska, though the steam rising from its cone is visible on a (rare) clear day. Residents of Unalaska need only to climb one of the smaller hills in the area, such as Pyramid Peak or Mt. Newhall, to get a good look at the snow-covered cone. The volcanic Bogoslof and Fire Islands, which rose from the sea in 1796 and 1883 respectively, lie about 30 mi west of Unalaska Bay.</p><br>
<p>In 1906, a new volcanic cone rose between the islets of Bogoslof and Grewingk, near Unalaska, followed by another in 1907. These cones were nearly demolished by an explosive eruption on September 1, 1907. Newly found information in 2017, the volcanic cone erupted sending ash and ice particles 30,000 feet in the air.</p><br>
<h2>Climate</h2><br>
<p>The climate of the islands is oceanic, with moderate and fairly uniform temperatures and heavy rainfall. Fogs are almost constant. Summer weather is much cooler than Southeast Alaska (around Sitka), but the winter temperature of the islands and of the Alaska Panhandle is very nearly the same. During the winter the islands are the center for the semi-permanent low-pressure area called the Aleutian low.</p><br>
<p>The mean annual temperature for Unalaska, the most populated island of the group, is about 38 °F (3 °C), being about 30 °F (−1 °C) in January and about 52 °F (11 °C) in August. The highest and lowest temperatures recorded on the islands are 78 °F (26 °C) and 5 °F (−15 °C) respectively. The average annual rainfall is about 80 in, and Unalaska, with about 250 rainy days per year, is said to be one of the rainiest places within the USA</p><br>
<h2>Flora</h2><br>
<p>The growing season lasts approximately 135 days, from early in May until late in September, but agriculture is limited to the raising of few vegetables. With the exception of some stunted willows, the vast majority of the chain is devoid of native trees. On some of the islands, such as Adak and Amaknak, there are a few coniferous trees growing, remnants of the Russian period. While tall trees grow in many cold climates, Aleutian conifers — some estimated to be two hundred years old — rarely reach a height of even 10 ft, and many of them are still less than 5 ft tall. This is because the islands, much like the Falklands and other islands of similar latitudes, experience such strong winds that taller trees are vulnerable to snapping off.</p><br>
<p>Instead of trees, the islands are covered with a luxuriant, dense growth of herbage and shrubs, including crowberry, bluejoint, grasses, sedges, and many flowering plants. There are areas of peat bog near the coasts. Endemic plants include the endangered Aleutian shield fern.</p><br>
<h2>Fauna</h2><br>
<p>The Aleutians are home to many large colonies of seabirds. Buldir Island has 21 breeding seabird species, including the Bering Sea-endemic red-legged kittiwake. Large seabird colonies are also present at Kiska, Gareloi, Semisopochnoi, Bogoslof, and others. The islands are also frequented by vagrant Asiatic birds, including the common rosefinch, Siberian rubythroat, bluethroat, lanceolated warbler, and the first North American record of the intermediate egret.</p><br>
<p>The habitats of the Aleutians are largely unspoiled, but wildlife is affected by competition from introduced species such as cattle, caribou, and foxes. Radioactivity is still present in the environment following nuclear weapon testing on Amchitka in 1971. Nearly all of the Aleutians are protected as part of the Alaska Maritime National Wildlife Refuge and the Aleutian Islands Wilderness.</p><br>
<p>Observations have identified sea otters as a keystone species along the coasts of many of the Aleutian Islands. Their presence encourages the growth of kelp forests, as the otters control sea urchin populations (as large populations of sea urchins can create urchin barrens by clearing away kelp stands).</p><br>
<h2>Economy</h2><br>
<p>On the less mountainous islands, the raising of sheep and reindeer was once believed to be practicable. There are bison on islands near Sand Point. Sheep raising seems to have died off with the advent of synthetic fibers, which lowered the value of wool. During the 1980s, there were some llama being raised on Unalaska. The current economy is primarily based on fishing, and the presence of USA military. The only crop is potato. Chickens are raised in barns under protection from the cold.</p><br>
<h2>Transportation</h2><br>
<p>In addition to a partial air service and a ferry service, the Alaska Marine Highway passes through many of the USA islands.</p><br>
<h2>Demographics</h2><br>
<p>The native people refer to themselves as Unangan, and are now generally known by most non-natives as the "Aleut". The Aleut language is one of the two main branches of the Eskimo–Aleut language family. This family is not known to be related to any others. The 2000 USA Census recorded a population of 8,162 on the islands, of whom 4,283 were living in the main settlement of Unalaska.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Prehistory</h3><br>
<p>Because of the location of the islands, stretching like a broken bridge from Asia to America, many anthropologists believe they were a route of the first human occupants of the Americas. The earliest known evidence of human occupation in the Americas is much farther south; the early human sites in Alaska have probably been submerged by rising waters during the current interglacial period. People living in the Aleutian Islands developed fine skills in hunting, fishing, and basketry. Hunters made their weapons and watercraft. The baskets are noted for being finely woven with carefully shredded stalks of beach rye.</p><br>
<h3>Russian period</h3><br>
<p>Explorers, traders and missionaries arrived from Russia beginning in 1741.</p><br>
<p>In 1741, the Russian government sent Vitus Bering, a Dane in the service of Russia, and Aleksei Chirikov, a Russian, in the ships Saint Peter and Saint Paul on a voyage of discovery in the Northern Pacific. After the ships were separated by a storm, Chirikov discovered several eastern islands of the Aleutian group, and Bering discovered several of the western islands, finally being wrecked and losing his life on the island of the Komandorskis (Commander Islands) that now bears his name (Bering Island). The survivors of Bering&#39;s party reached the Kamchatka Peninsula in a boat constructed from the wreckage of their ship, and reported that the islands were rich in fur-bearing animals.</p><br>
<p>Siberian fur hunters flocked to the Commander Islands and gradually moved eastward across the Aleutian Islands to the mainland. In this manner, Russia gained a foothold on the northwestern coast of North America. The Aleutian Islands consequently belonged to Russia, until that country transferred all its possessions in North America to the USA in 1867.</p><br>
<p>During the consolidation of the Russian-American Company there was sporadic conflict with the native population (frequently disastrous to the poorly armed and vastly outnumbered Russians). The colonies soon entered a relatively stable state based on cooperation, intermarriage, and official policies that provided social status, education, and professional training to children of mixed Aleut-Russian birth. Within a generation, the day-to-day administration of the Russian-American colonies was largely in the hands of native-born Alaskans. Reversing the usual trend in colonization where indigenous technologies are replaced, the Russians adopted the Aleut kayak, or baidarka, sea otter hunting techniques, and the working of native copper deposits. The Russians instituted public education, preservation of the Aleut language through transliteration of religious and other texts into Aleut via an adaptation of the Cyrillic alphabet, vaccination of the native population against smallpox, and science-based sea mammal conservation policies that were ahead of their time.</p><br>
<p>By 1760, the Russian merchant Andrian Tolstykh had made a detailed census in the vicinity of Adak and extended Russian citizenship to the Aleuts.</p><br>
<p>During his third and last voyage in 1778, Captain James Cook surveyed the eastern portion of the Aleutian archipelago, accurately determined the position of some of the more important islands, and corrected many errors of former navigators.</p><br>
<h4>Orthodox Christian heritage</h4><br>
<p>Among the first Christian missionaries to arrive in the Aleutian Islands was a party of ten Russian Orthodox monks and priests, who arrived in 1793. Within two years, a monk named Herman was the only survivor of that party. He settled on Spruce Island, near Kodiak Island, and often defended the rights of the Aleuts against the Russian trading companies. He is now known in the Orthodox Church as Saint Herman of Alaska.</p><br>
<p>Another early Christian missionary of the Russian Orthodox Church was Father Veniaminov who arrived in Unalaska in 1824. He was named Bishop Innokentii in 1840 and moved to Sitka. He is now known in the Orthodox Church as Saint Innocent of Alaska.</p><br>
<p>The principal settlements were on Unalaska Island. The oldest was Iliuliuk (also called Unalaska), settled in 1760–1775, with a customs house and an Orthodox church.</p><br>
<h3>USA possession</h3><br>
<p>After the American purchase of Alaska from Russia in 1867, further development took place. New buildings included a Methodist mission and orphanage, and the headquarters for a considerable fleet of United States revenue cutters, which patrolled the sealing grounds of the Pribilof Islands. The first public school in Unalaska opened in 1883.</p><br>
<p>The USA Congress extended American citizenship to all Native Americans (and this law has been held to include the indigenous peoples of Alaska) in 1924. A hospital was built in Unalaska in 1933 by the USA Bureau of Indian Affairs.</p><br>
<h4>World War II</h4><br>
<p>During World War II, small parts of the Aleutian islands were occupied by Japanese forces, when Attu and Kiska were invaded in order to divert American forces away from the main Japanese attack at Midway Atoll. The USA Navy, having broken the Japanese naval codes, knew that this was just a diversion, and it did not expend large amounts of effort in defending the islands. More than 90 Americans were taken to Japan as prisoners of war. Most of the civilian population (over 800) of the Aleutians and Pribilovians was detained by the United States in camps in the Alaska Panhandle. During the Aleutian Islands Campaign, American forces invaded Japanese-held Attu and defeated the Japanese. American and Canadian troops later launched an invasion of Kiska, but Japanese forces had already withdrawn, ending the campaign in the islands.</p><br>
<p>June 3, 2002 was celebrated as Dutch Harbor Remembrance Day. The governor of Alaska ordered state flags lowered to half-staff to honor the 78 soldiers who died during the two-day Japanese air attack in 1942. The Aleutian World War II National Historic Area Visitors Center opened that month.</p><br>
<h3>Recent developments</h3><br>
<p>The Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act became law in 1971. In 1977, the Ounalashka Corporation (from Unalaska) declared a dividend. This was the first village corporation to declare and pay a dividend to its shareholders.</p><br>
<h2>Nuclear testing</h2><br>
<p>The USA conducted underground tests of nuclear weapons on Amchitka Island from 1965 to 1971 as part of the Vela Uniform program. The final detonation, the Cannikin, was the largest underground nuclear explosion by the USA</p><br>
<h2>Russian Aleutians</h2><br>
<p>Russian Aleutians is organized as Aleutsky District in Kamchatka Krai. It comprises</p><br>
<p>Commander Islands</p><br>
<p>Bering Island</p><br>
<p>Medny Island</p><br>
<p>Sea Lion Rock</p><br>
<p>Sea Otter Rocks</p><br>
<p>Tufted Puffin Rock (Kamen Toporkov or Ostrov Toporkov)</p><br>
<p>Kamen Ariy</p><br>
<p>The Batesville Historic District is a national historic district located at Batesville, Albemarle County, Virginia. In 1999, when it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places, it included 33 buildings deemed to contribute to the historic character of the area. They include representative examples of the early-19th century Federal Style, the mid-19th century Greek Revival Style, simple late-Victorian styles from the late-19th century- and early-20th century, Classical Revival and Colonial Revival styles. Notable buildings include the Batesville Elementary School , Batesville Public School , Mount Ed Baptist Church, Batesville Methodist Church , Dr. Smith House, the Barskdale House, Hill House , and Page&#39;s Store .</p><br>
<p>Brookville Historic District is a national historic district located at Brookville, Jefferson County, Pennsylvania. The district includes 263 contributing buildings in the central business district and surrounding residential areas of Brookville. The buildings date between about 1838 and 1930, and include notable examples of vernacular and high style Late Victorian style architecture. Notable buildings include the Judge Elijah Heath House , Railroad House Hotel , Blood Block , Marlin Opera House Block , McKnight Building, Northside School , Methodist Episcopal Church , Holy Trinity Episcopal Church , Jenks Foundry , Brookville Y.M.C.A. , Columbia Theater , Jefferson County Courthouse , Brookville Borough Building, and USA Post Office. Located in the district and separately listed are the Brookville Presbyterian Church and Manse, Joseph E. Hall House, and Gray-Taylor House.</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1984.</p><br>
<p>The Belcher Mound Site  is an archaeological site in Caddo Parish, Louisiana. It is located in the Red River Valley 20 miles north of Shreveport and about one-half mile east of the town of Belcher, Louisiana. It was excavated by Clarence H. Webb from 1959 to 1969. The site gives its name to a local phase of the Caddoan Mississippian culture, the Belcher Phase, which radiocarbon dates suggest lasted from 1400 to 1600 CE.</p><br>
<h2>Site description</h2><br>
<p>The Belcher Site was a ceremonial center with a mound, cemetery, and village area inhabited circa 900 - 1700 CE. The mound at Belcher was built in successive levels. Each layer had a structure, which was burned or deserted after a period of use, and the mound subsequently covered with a new layer and building. The earliest were rectangular wall trench structures with wattle and daub walls and grass thatched gable roofs. Later, circular structures with interior roof supports and central hearths were constructed atop the mound. These were constructed with the same materials, but subdivided into compartments for several living and cooking arrangements. The structures atop the mounds are thought to have been ceremonial lodges or the homes of chieftains.</p><br>
<h3>Burial practices</h3><br>
<p>The people of the site buried their dead in pits beneath the floors of their houses. In excavations between 1936–1954, the remains of forty six individuals and their funerary objects were removed by Dr. Webb, who donated these remains and objects to the Louisiana State University Museum of Natural Science in 1974. The grave goods included earthenware pottery, a ceramic spindle whorl and hair ornament, a stone celt and shell artifacts. The remains were determined to be related to ancestors of the Caddo Nation of Oklahoma and returned to them under the NAGPRA Act.</p><br>
<h3>Food</h3><br>
<p>The people of the Belcher site were full-time agriculturalist, who grew a variety of domesticated plants. Food remains found include maize and beans. They also collected a variety of wild foodstuffs such as hickory nuts, persimmon seeds, and pecans. Mussel, gar, catfish, buffalo, sheepshead, bowfin, and turtle were taken from the local waterways. Whitetail deer, rabbit, squirrel, fox, mink, and birds were hunted in the local woodlands.</p><br>
<h3>Tools</h3><br>
<p>The Belcher people made tools such as celts(axes), arrow points, flint scrapers and gravers, and sandstone hones from a variety of rocks. They also made awls, needles and chisels from animal bones, and hoes for farming from mussel shells.</p><br>
<h2>Belcher Phase</h2><br>
<p>Archaeological investigations in the area have determined that the Belcher Phase began about 1400 and existed until 1600 CE.</p><br>
<p>Sites in the Texarkana and Belcher Phase areas were an assortment of sizes, from large, permanent settlements with mounds and cemeteries, to smaller dispersed hamlets and farmsteads. The people of these settlements were maize agriculturalists with complex societies led by high status individuals who lived at the mound centers such as the Belcher Mound, the Battle Mound, Hatchel-Mitchell Site (part of the Texarkana Phase Archeological District), and Cabe Mounds. Hamlets or farmsteads, such as the Cedar Grove Site and Spirit Lake Site for the Belcher phase and the Sherwin Site and Atlanta State Park Site for the Texarkana Phase have also been investigated.</p><br>
<p>The Kunduz River is a tributary of the Amu Darya in northern Afghanistan. It rises in the Hindu Kush, and in its upper reaches is known as the Surkhab River.</p><br>
<h2>Course</h2><br>
<p>The Kunduz rises in the glacier region on the north side of the Koh-i-Baba range in Bamiyan Province, some 20 km south west of the town of Bamiyan, where the river is known as the Bamiyan River. It flows east in a deep valley separating the western part of the Hindu Kush on the north from the Koh-i-Baba on the south. After about 50 km it bends sharp north, crossing the Hindu Kush range. It then turns east-north-east and enters Baghlan Province. There the river is known as the Surkhab.</p><br>
<p>It then parallels a northern spur of the Hindu Kush for more than 80 km, receiving many small tributaries on its right bank.</p><br>
<p>At the town of Doshi it receives the Andarab, a large tributary flowing from the east. It then flows north towards the Amu Darya, crossing Baghlan and Kunduz Provinces.</p><br>
<p>At Yakala-ye Zad, 30 km past the city of Kunduz, the river meets its largest tributary, the Khanabad River, shortly before discharging into the Amu Darya.</p><br>
<h2>Basin</h2><br>
<p>The basin of the Kunduz River covers almost all the province of Baghlan, the western part of Bamiyan Province and two-thirds of Takhar and Kunduz Provinces. Its area is estimated at 31,300 square kilometers.</p><br>
<h2>Flow rates</h2><br>
<p>Flow rates of the river were observed for 15 years (1950-1965) at Pol-e Khomri, where the river reaches the Amu Darya plain.</p><br>
<p>At Pol-e Khomri, annual mean flow was 67.6 m³ per second, from a basin of 17,250 square kilometres.</p><br>
<p>The Fisher Farm Site is an archaeological site in Centre County, Pennsylvania, United States. Located in fields on the outskirts of Unionville, it is one of central Pennsylvania&#39;s leading archaeological sites.</p><br>
<h2>Profile</h2><br>
<p>The Fisher Farm Site encompasses approximately 3.5 acre on the northern bank of Bald Eagle Creek. While the site primarily includes farm fields, the site is divided into two sections by a railroad line, and a former streambed is located amid the fields. west of central Unionville Farmers have plowed the fields west of central Unionville since at least the 1870s, but the area was farmed before European settlement. Investigations at the site have led archaeologists to conclude that the site is that of a Late Woodland farming village that was occupied between AD 1200 and 1600.</p><br>
<h2>Excavations</h2><br>
<p>Archaeological excavations of the Fisher Farm Site commenced in 1976 and continued through 1978. Based on the tests conducted in 1976, the large-scale excavations of 1977 and 1978 resulted in the removal of hundreds of square meters of field and former streambed above Bald Eagle Creek. Among the artifacts recovered in 1977 were nine burials and sixty-three other items of interest, while the 1978 excavation yielded pollen and carbon-14 samples useful for dating and reconstructing the profile of the site respectively. The site was named for its owner, Ivan Fisher.</p><br>
<h2>Conclusions</h2><br>
<p>The Fisher Farm Site has been crucial to the understanding of Late Woodland archaeology in central Pennsylvania. Before excavations at Fisher Farm, research at Late Woodland villages in the region had been conducted at stockaded villages along rivers; sites such as Fisher Farm, which was smaller than the fortified villages and located along a less significant waterway, had been little studied. It has been suggested that these small villages were politically connected to the larger communities, although whether individuals would migrate between large and small villages is disputed. Much of the cultural evidence at the site is derived from pottery recovered in 1978 from the former streambed. While previous models had held that different styles of pottery replaced one another in a sudden fashion, the development of designs seen at Fisher Farm seems to indicate a more gradual transition from style to style. Finally, the Fisher Farm Site was the first of many villages to be excavated in the Nittany Valley; as such, it has become somewhat of a type site in the region. Findings at the site have led to the proposal of a new model of Late Woodland culture in the region.</p><br>
<h2>Recognition</h2><br>
<p>In 1982, the Fisher Farm Site was placed on the National Register of Historic Places for its place as a significant archaeological site.</p><br>
<p>Fourbass Lake is a lake in Timiskaming District, Ontario, Canada, about 20 km east of Temagami.</p><br>
<h2>Hydrology</h2><br>
<p>The lake is about 7.3 km long and 4.3 km wide and lies at an elevation of 274 m. The primary inflow is the Matabitchuan River, from Rabbit Lake further upstream, at the southern tip. Other inflows are unnamed creeks from Cooper Lake at the east and Gorrie Lake at the west. The primary outflow is also the Matabitchuan River, at the northwest tip. A dam controls the outflow, and some of the water from the lake is diverted through penstocks from a point 47&deg;07&prime;17&Prime;N latitude, 79&deg;29&prime;54&Prime;W longitude southeast of the river outflow to the Ontario Power Generation Matabitchuan Generating Station. Highway 567 leads from the community of North Cobalt (in Temiskaming Shores) to the generating station. The lake&#39;s waters flow via the Matabitchuan River into Lake Timiskaming, then via the Ottawa River into the St. Lawrence River.</p><br>
<p>The Rufus M. Rose House is a late Victorian, Queen Anne style house located in the SoNo district of Atlanta, Georgia. Occupying a narrow lot on Peachtree Street, one and half blocks south of North Avenue, the house was built in 1901 for Dr. Rufus Mathewson Rose. The architect was Emil Charles Seiz , who designed many residential and commercial structures in the city, including the 1924 Massellton Apartments on Ponce de Leon Avenue.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The house is an extremely rare example of a nineteenth-century town house built for one of Atlanta’s wealthy citizens. Its red-brick exterior consists of bayed and multi-gabled facades interspersed with numerous window shapes and sizes, and numerous fireplaces. The original slate roof and front porch have been lost.</p><br>
<p>Additionally, the property has carved, marble steps that originally ascended directly from the sidewalk on Peachtree Street up to the front porch. The home’s tiny yard is the “singular survivor from Peachtree&#39;s residential heyday.”</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The approximately 5,200 ft&sup2; home was built for Dr. Rufus M. Rose in 1901 at a cost of $9,000.</p><br>
<p>Rose, a former druggist and Civil War doctor who moved to Atlanta in 1867, was the founder of the R. M. Rose Co. Distillery (Mountain Spring Distillery), located in the Atlanta suburb of Vinings, as well as the owner of a large real estate business known as the Rose Investment Company. The Rose family lived in this home until 1921.</p><br>
<p>From 1923, when the property was sold out of the Rose family, until the mid-1940s, the home was used as a private residence, then as a rooming house, then as offices for the Fulton County Relief Administration, then, once again, as a private residence.</p><br>
<p>In 1945, James H. Elliot, Sr., bought the house and used it as an antique store and museum, which he named J.H. Elliot&#39;s Antiques and the Atlanta Museum. Open to the public, the museum contained furniture belonging to Margaret Mitchell, personal items of Bobby Jones, Ethiopian Emperor Haile Selassie’s throne, a Japanese Zero war plane and many other notable items. After more than 50 years, the store and museum closed in 1998.</p><br>
<p>From 1999 to 2001, the house served as the headquarters for the until it moved into L. P. Grant’s antebellum mansion in Atlanta’s Grant Park neighborhood.</p><br>
<p>While the house is listed on the National Register of Historic Places (1977) and is designated as a Landmark Building Exterior (1989) by the City of Atlanta, it currently is vacant and endangered due to neglect.</p><br>
<p>The house was last sold for a price of $309,750 on August 24, 2011 to an individual by the name of Gholam Bakhtiari at an auction held by the real estate firm Williams & Williams.</p><br>
<p>The Birmingham Battery and Metal Company was founded in 1836 with a factory in Digbeth, Birmingham.</p><br>
<p>The company did not make batteries, but the use of the word battery in the name refers to a method of metal production and forming (which had largely been supplanted by metal rolling using steam power).</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1850 the company was described as "manufacturers of sheet brass and tubing".</p><br>
<p>Later known as the Birmingham Battery Company. Additional premises were constructed in Selly Oak in 1871 and by 1876 all work had been transferred from Digbeth. The site expanded with the addition of a copper refinery, a tube mill, a rolling mill and a canal wharf on the Dudley Canal.</p><br>
<p>In the Diary published by the firm, the following interesting account of its history is given:—</p><br>
<p>"Nearly a century ago the founder of the firm established in Digbeth, Birmingham, a business for the manufacture of Brass Pans, which were raised from the flat sheet by what was termed a Battery of Tilt hammers. The process was called the Battery process, and the pans were spoken of as Battery or Battery Pans.</p><br>
<p>"The hammers were driven by wheels which contained wooden cogs; the heavier hammers being- used for shaping, and the lighter ones for finishing. The pans ranged from a few inches to several feet in diameter, and varied in depth. The hammers were originally driven by water power and varied in weight. The light hammers would give upwards of 200 blows per minute.</p><br>
<p>"The introduction of stamped and spun pan, which could be produced more cheaply, caused the gradual decline of the demand for the hammered pan, and about the year 1885, the trade in the latter article was discontinued by the Company.</p><br>
<p>"The Company by this time possessed well equipped Rolling and Tube Mills, both at Digbeth and at Selly Oak, and the name was so well and favourably known in connection with the manufacture of Brass and Copper Tubes, Sheets, etc., that it was decided to retain the word Battery in the title of the Firm."</p><br>
<p>The company fell into difficulty in the 1980s and closure became inevitable. The Selly Oak site was redeveloped as the Battery Retail Park.</p><br>
<h2>Gibbins family</h2><br>
<p>In 1850 the director was Thomas Gibbins (22 Apr 1796 - 15 Sep 1863). He married Emma Joel Cadbury (11 Jan 1811 − 26 Apr 1905) in 1837.</p><br>
<p>Thomas Gibbins was the son of Joseph Gibbins (18 May 1756 - 31 May 1811) and Martha Bevington (12 Oct 1758 - 2 Jul 1827).</p><br>
<p>The Gibbins family were philanthropists who donated Selly Oak Park and Selly Oak Library to the local people.</p><br>
<p>Gibbins Road, Selly Oak was named to commemorate the gift of the Park to the Urban District Council by Thomas Gibbins. The lay-out was completed and the Park handed over in 1899. Subsequently a further gift of land by the Firm enabled the Park to be extended to the Dudley Canal.</p><br>
<h2>On film</h2><br>
<p>Take Only Photographs, Leave Nothing But Footprints (2009) (Dir. Dale O&#39;Keeffe) is a short film that explores the inner sanctum of the Birmingham Battery and Metal Company, two months before it was torn down. The film shows how the building had fallen into a state of disrepair, much at the hands of vandals and junkies.</p><br>
<p>The Patterson House in Larned, Kansas is a three-bedroom Lustron house built in 1949. Together with its matching Lustron garage, it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2001.</p><br>
<p>It was built by Great Bend, Kansas Lustron dealer Don Brack in 1949 and would have cost somewhat more than $10,500. All exterior surfaces and walls and ceilings inside the house are porcelain enamel steel. It has an original built-in dining room china cabinet and pass-through to the kitchen, which identifies the house as a "Deluxe" edition of Lustron&#39;s Westchester house model. Other porcelain enamel built-in features include bookcases, a mirrored vanity, and closets and overhead storage.</p><br>
<p>It is a front-gabled, 31 by house with "Dove Gray" walls, white trim, and a green roof.</p><br>
<p>The two-car Lustron garage, like the house, is front-gabled and sits on a concrete slab foundation.</p><br>
<p>The property was deemed notable in 2001 as "an excellent and rare example of a three-bedroom Westchester Deluxe Lustron with an accompanying Lustron garage." A red brick wall holding an outdoor brick fireplace connects the house and garage and defines an outdoor patio area; this is compatible with intentions of Lustron designers for renovations to be added and does not detract from the historic integrity of the property.</p><br>
<p>The first owners, Harold and Alice Patterson, raised five children in the home. Donald and Joanne Reep bought the house in 1964. Mrs. Reep recalled taking the kitchen cabinets to an auto body shop to repair, after a kitchen fire, and appreciated the "indestructible" Lustron roof. In 2000, Mrs. Reep worked as a realtor in Larned, Kansas and reportedly knew at least one Lustron owner who valued the durability of Lustron houses for rental property.</p><br>
<p>Only about 2,500 Lustrons were ever manufactured.</p><br>
<p>Wanzai, Small Hengqin and Great Hengqin are three islands located to the west of the Macau Peninsula and the Macau islands of Taipa and Coloane. They were inhabited by very small Chinese population in its early history.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In some historical registers, the Portuguese presence on the island dates back to the end of the 17th century when a group of missionaries established themselves on this Chinese island.</p><br>
<p>During the 19th century, Portuguese missionaries also began to populate and evangelize the other two islands. The Macau government also began to collect taxes from the populations of these three islands in exchange for protection as these islands were not protected by Chinese soldiers. The Portuguese built a leper colony on the island of Dom João and some schools to educate the few Chinese residents on the islands.</p><br>
<p>Followed by the Japanese invasion of China in 1938, the Portuguese officially occupied these three islands, with an excuse to better protect Portuguese missionaries residing there. In 1941, the Japanese Army threatened the Portuguese troops to force abandonment of these sparsely populated islands. Consequently, these islands were occupied by Japan. At the end of World War II, China was able to reoccupy the three islands.</p><br>
<p>Today, they are an incorporation of the Special Economic Zone of Zhuhai in Guangdong. The islands of Dom João and Montanha are now connected by an embankment that joins the two islands. This island was given the Chinese name, Hengqin. The Lotus Bridge makes the connection between Hengqin of Guangdong province and Cotai of Macau Special Administrative Region. The island of Lapa, established from land reclamation became a peninsula connected to the "mainland".</p><br>
<p>There are proposals to develop sparsely populated Hengqin into a tourist area with many hotels and luxury resorts. Hengqin has recently begun to experience major development with new residential areas.</p><br>
<p>Macau, due to lack of land, wanted to annex the island of Hengqin expressed their desire to the Chinese Central Government. The Central Government did not allow this integration. However, on September 1, 2005, the Central Government allowed entrepreneurs from Macau and Hong Kong to be exempt from the payment of some taxes and fees. The CPG also allowed greater flexibility in controlling migration to the island to promote investment.</p><br>
<h2>Wanzai</h2><br>
<p>Wanzai was an island in the Xiangzhou District of the city of Zhuhai in Guangdong, China.（） It is adjacent to the Macau Peninsula of Macau. The Portuguese call the island "Lapa".</p><br>
<p>Wanzai area in the east side of Ilha de Lapa was under Portuguese control from 1849 to 1887. It was located across the Inner Harbour (Qianshan Waterway) from Macau. In a 1700 map, the island has a defensive battery and manufacturing facility.</p><br>
<h2>Small Hengqin</h2><br>
<p>Small Hengqin was a Chinese island adjacent to Taipa of Macau. After land reclamation, only a creek called "Central Creek(中心沟)" separate Small Hengqin from Great Hengqin and has become the northern part of Hengqin in Zhuhai, Guangdong.</p><br>
<p>The Portuguese called it "Dom João".</p><br>
<h2>Great Hengqin</h2><br>
<p>Great Hengqin was a Chinese island adjacent to Coloane of Macau. After land reclamation, only a creek separate Great Hengqin from Small Hengqin and has become the southern part of Hengqin in Zhuhai, Guangdong.</p><br>
<p>The Portuguese called it "Montanha".</p><br>
<p>The Grandstand is a natural rock monolith located near the northerly end of Racetrack Playa, north of Death Valley in the Cottonwood Mountains of Death Valley National Park, in Inyo County, California.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Grandstand consists of two distinct mounds of very dark gray rock with a shallow saddle between them, surrounded on all sides by the nearly featureless, light tan-colored clay sediment of Racetrack Playa. The contrast of the dark rock against the light playa makes The Grandstand appear nearly black in bright sunlight. Due to this contrast, The Grandstand is easily discernible, and unmistakable, from great distances. It can be easily seen from aircraft flying within 100 mi, even at a 40,000 ft altitude.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The Grandstand is located in the northwest corner of Racetrack Playa and is the only feature, other than small scattered rocks and a dolomite outcrop on the northernmost shore, that interrupt the playa. The southernmost of the two rock mounds that compose The Grandstand is the tallest, by a few feet. It rises approximately 20 m above the very flat surface of the playa, whose north end is only 1.5 in higher than the southern end. Racetrack Playa is at an elevation of 1,132 m above sea level, and is 2.8 mi long (north-south), and 1.3 mi wide (east-west).</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>The Grandstand is composed of Quartz-Monzonite, also called Adamellite. It is an intrusive igneous rock that cooled slowly deep underground. Quartz monzonite consists of quartz and the two types of feldspar, but has less quartz than the 20% in granite. Such composites having less than 20% quartz composition are referred to as granitoids. It was exposed on the surface during the Pleistocene epoch, as were Ubehebe Peak and the Panamint Range Mountains to the west, and the Cottonwood Mountains to the east, but solidified in the latter part of the Mesozoic Era.</p><br>
<p>On the south side of The Grandstand, obvious signs of wave-cut erosion are visible, creating a noticeable overhang of 30 feet above the Racetrack Playa&#39;s elevation. The formation indicates the Racetrack Playa region experienced much more precipitation in past geologic eras.</p><br>
<p>While The Grandstand may seem imposing to someone standing nearby, as it rises abruptly out of the flat surface of playa, this outcropping is dwarfed by the height of the surrounding mountains. It is the light colored clay sediment forming the playa surface surrounding the dark grey Grandstand that creates its prominence.</p><br>
<h2>Natural history</h2><br>
<p>As with the rest of Death Valley National Park, The Racetrack and The Grandstand receive very scant rainfall, rarely more than 2 inches in most years. Due to its elevation of 3,000 ft, the climate at The Grandstand averages slightly cooler than that of the floor of Death Valley; however, daytime high temperatures are commonly above 100 °F in mid-summer. Winds can be extreme also, due to the north-south orientation of The Racetrack, as the "moving rocks" at the south end of the playa demonstrate.</p><br>
<p>Great blue herons have been sighted atop the highest part of The Grandstand, en route during their annual migration.</p><br>
<h2>Visiting</h2><br>
<p>At The Grandstand, the National Park Service provides parking and descriptive signage, and docents provided a bench there to view the Grandstand, Racetrack Playa, and to the east the Cottonwood Mountains. South of The Grandstand, at the south end of The Racetrack, there is another parking area from which visitors may hike 3/4 mile east across the playa to view the "moving rocks". Racetrack Road ends two miles south of this parking area at Homestake Campground and the eastern end of Lippincott Road. Homestake is a "dry" campground, meaning there is no water, and no garbage pickup, but there is a portable toilet.</p><br>
<p>The lakebed surface is usually dry and can be freely walked upon; however the National Park Service requests that visitors not walk on the surface when it is moist enough to leave distinctive footprints. Wheeled vehicles, including bicycles, are strictly prohibited on the playa at all times.</p><br>
<p>No camping is allowed on or adjacent to the playa, however "primitive camping" is permitted to the north and south of the area. Signage along Racetrack Road indicates the limits of "no-camping" zones. Ubehebe Crater is another distinctive geologic feature and visual landmark in this northern section of the park. Saline Valley is located to the west, and the Eureka Valley Sand Dunes to the north. The south end of Eureka Valley Road is nearby, located 2.5 miles east of Ubehebe Crater, so visitors planning to tour both The Racetrack and Eureka Valley may wish to plan accordingly.</p><br>
<p>The West End Church of Christ Silver Point is a folk vernacular brick church in the unincorporated community of Silver Point, Tennessee, United States. A primarily African-American Church of Christ congregation has met at the church continuously since its construction in 1915. In 2007, the church was added to the National Register of Historic Places for its role in the history of the Upper Cumberland region.</p><br>
<p>The church is rooted in the Silver Point Christian Institute, a mission school established largely through the efforts of Churches of Christ evangelists George Phillip Bowser (1874&ndash;1950) and Marshall Keeble. Along with providing badly needed education facilities to the Upper Cumberland&#39;s small African-American population, the school published the Christian Echo, a Church of Christ newsletter circulated nationwide. In spite of early financial struggles, the school, with the help of Nashville minister David Lipscomb and philanthropist A. M. Burton, managed to survive until 1959. The church, built for the mission school community in 1915, has remained in operation to the present, however.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>The West End Church of Christ Silver Point is located along Center Hill Dam Road (State Highway 141) in the western half of Silver Point, a rural community scattered around the intersection of State Highway 141, State Highway 56, and Interstate 40, about halfway between Cookeville and Smithville. Along with the church, the property includes a modern cemetery and a small monument commemorating the church&#39;s establishment. Like most of the Highland Rim, the area is rugged and hilly.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In the late-19th and early-20th centuries, education opportunities for the small African-American population of the Upper Cumberland were scarce. In his book The Souls of Black Folk, author W. E. B. Du Bois wrote of the primitive conditions of a black schoolhouse at nearby Alexandria, where he taught class while a student at Fisk University in the 1880s. In 1909, after delivering a sermon at the Laurel Hill Church of Christ in Nashville, Evangelist George Phillip Bowser was approached by fellow Church of Christ ministers Sam Womack and Alexander Campbell with a request to establish a church at Silver Point. Bowser agreed on the condition that he also be allowed to establish a mission school for the area&#39;s African-American children, which was granted.</p><br>
<p>In late 1909, Bowser opened what was initially known as the Putnam County Normal and Industrial Orphanage at Silver Point. Womack, Campbell, and another Church of Christ official named Henry Clay served as the schools first board of directors. Students paid between fifty cents and one dollar per month for tuition, and six dollars per month for room and board. Operating costs were augmented by the sale of produce grown in the schools 8 acre garden, and by the sale of wagons built by Clay and several students. The school also published the Christian Echo, a Church of Christ newsletter founded by Bowser in 1903, and shipped the newsletter to subscribers across the country.</p><br>
<p>In spite of efforts to reduce operating costs, the school struggled financially. One of the school&#39;s teachers, Annie Tuggle, asked Nashville educator and minister David Lipscomb for help, and Lipscomb turned to Nashville insurance magnate A. M. Burton, who agreed to provide financial assistance. In 1913, the school became the Silver Point Christian Institute, which taught grades 1 through 8. With better financing, a new frame building was constructed in 1915 by P. H. Black, an African-American architect from Nashville. The building was used by both the school and the West End Church of Christ congregation, the latter founded in 1915.</p><br>
<p>Bowser resigned as the schools principal in 1918 due to frustrations over lack of steady financial support for the school. He later founded schools in Michigan and Texas, and continued publishing the Christian Echo (the newsletter is still in publication today). Classes continued at the West End Church until 1959, when the schools students were bused to Putnam Countys public schools. The churchs congregation, however, still meets regularly.</p><br>
<h2>Design</h2><br>
<p>The West End Church of Christ Silver Point is an example of a simple, rural church with an African-American folk vernacular design. The structure is a rectangular brick structure with a concrete foundation and a gabled, asphalt-shingled roof. The church&#39;s south wall contains a covered porch and the double-door main entrance. The north wall once contained two rear doors, but these have been sealed. The east and west walls both contain four windows topped by brick arches. The top of the south wall contains a block of concrete which may have at one time held a stone inscribed with the name of the church or school.</p><br>
<p>The church&#39;s interior follows a basic floor plan, with two sets of pews divided by a central aisle leading to the pulpit. The pews are not original, but were retrieved from another church building. The pulpit is flanked by two rooms that serve as a Sunday school classrooms. In the 1970s, the walls were covered with wooden paneling, and acoustical tiles were added to the ceiling.</p><br>
<p>A granite monument commemorating the founding of the church and its predecessor, the Silver Point Christian Institute, stands near the entrance to the church&#39;s driveway. A modern cemetery is located behind the church.</p><br>
<p>The Cameron Estate was one of the five summer homes of Simon Cameron, President Lincoln&#39;s Secretary of War, and his family from 1872 to 1959. The Estate is in Lancaster County Pennsylvania and is often referred to as "Donegal" by the Camerons.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Stephenson Years (1738 - 1785)</p><br>
<p>The Cameron Estate started out as a 314 acre tract of land north of and adjoining the Donegal Presbyterian Church and was part of the churchs glebe (acreage set aside for the support of the church). James Stephenson acquired the property in 1738 from the William Penn land grant and received a patent (deed) in 1749. The land passed to James son Nathaniel. As Nathaniel died without issue, the property passed to Nathaniel Sister Hannah Stevenson who was the great-great grandmother of President McKinley). Ann Stephenson, Hannah’s sister, married into the Watson Family whose son David Watson, grandson of James Stephenson, was deeded the property in 1780. David Watson was a prominent patriot, and a justice of the Court of Common Pleas and his two grandsons, David C. and Nathaniel, became physicians with large practices in Donegal( an unincorporated area around the Donegal Presbyterian Church not Donegal, Pennsylvania).</p><br>
<p>The Watson Years (1785 - 1872)</p><br>
<p>Dr. John Watson, son of David Watson, was deeded the property in 1785. Dr. John Watson owned and resided on the Cameron&#39;s "Donegal", then called the Stephenson (sometimes spelled Stevenson) farm at Donegal Springs. Dr. John Watson built the original part of the Cameron Estate farm house in 1805. At its time of construction, the "Mansion House" was the largest brick structure on the western frontier. The 1805 structure was a two story Federal style classic four-square with a dining wing thus forming an L-shaped structure. The front porch of the farm house faced south overlooking the Donegal Presbyterian Church and Donegal Spring. The house rests on a knoll rising from Donegal creek and surrounded by ancient poplars, oaks, black walnuts, hickory and maples.</p><br>
<p>Dr. Watson owned and occupied the farm until his death, which occurred on November 16, 1843 (buried at Donegal Presbyterian Graveyard, grave No. 43).An Authentic History of Donegal Presbyterian Church Located in East Donegal Township, Lancaster Co., Pa.</p><br>
<p>J. L. Ziegler, A. M., M. D. His son, Dr. Nathaniel Watson, sold the farm to the Hon. Simon Cameron in 1872.</p><br>
<p>The Cameron Years (1872 - 1961)</p><br>
<p>In 1872 Cameron bought the estate which contained the red-brick farmhouse built in 1805. Simon Cameron and his family transformed it into one of the most magnificent estates in Lancaster County. The estate was one of the summer homes of Simon Cameron and was affectionately referred to as "Donegal" by the Cameron family. Simon Cameron was President Lincoln’s first secretary of war and four-time United States Senator. His son, James Donald Cameron was Secretary of War to President Ulysses S. Grant.</p><br>
<p>Behind a pair of ornamental iron gate that once secured the Pennsylvania State Capital is what remains of the Cameron Estate (Donegal) located in rural western Lancaster County, Pennsylvania. The massive entry gates to the estate once provided access to the state capital in Harrisburg and were moved to the estate by Simon Cameron. Two sets of gates were relocated to the estate; one positioned on Mansion Lane and the other on Colebrook Road near the intersection of Donegal Springs Road and Colebrook road. At present only the pair of gates on Mansion Lane has survived. The estate is currently a 15.25 acre tract of land south of Rheems and midway between Elizabethtown and Mount Joy, Pennsylvania (GPS coordinates 40° 6’ 11” North 76° 34’ 2” West). The estate was once the summer home of Simon Cameron, President Lincoln’s first secretary of war and four times a United States Senator and James Donald Cameron, President U. S. Grant’s Secretary of War.</p><br>
<p>Although Simon Cameron had already amassed several estates near Harrisburg prior to the Civil War, he set to work purchasing the old glebe farms surrounding the Donegal Presbyterian Church on which his grandfather and great-grandfather had worked.</p><br>
<p>At its peak, the estate comprised 1,200 acre of land. In addition to purchasing numerous farms surrounding the estate, Simon Cameron purchased the state fish hatchery housed on Hoover’s spring one of the group Donegal springs, for $2,000 on June 12, 1883. The purchase was for 1 acre of land, a wood framed hatchery building and the water rights to the Donegal Spring. The source of the water for the hatchery was from a spring in the basement of Michael Hoover’s house a two story red brick farmhouse. To facilitate the building of the hatchery in 1873 a stone reservoir next to the house was built to raise the water level to assist the water feed to the hatchery. Hoover Spring originates in the basement of the red brick farmhouse behind the Cameron Estate.</p><br>
<p>The current mansion is a graceful three-story barn-red-brick mansion in the Colonial Revival Federal style. It was one of Simon Cameron’s five summer homes and occupied by his family from 1872 until 1959 when the last Cameron, Mary died. During Simon Cameron’s tenure, few changes were made to the farm house and it was not until his son James Donald Cameron (Don Cameron) acquired the house was it enlarged to its current size of over 12,500 ft&sup2;.</p><br>
<p>Don Cameron set out to transform the house and in 1889 removed the roof and added the third floor and expanded its footprint northward. It is purported that Don Cameron’s first wife was not pleased with the house as it was not grand enough for here liking and stature. Don Cameron set out to transform the house and in 1889 removed the roof and added the third floor and expanded its footprint northward. While the fashion of the time was to add mansard roofs, Don Cameron kept the Federal style but unified the house with Colonial Revival embellishments. Of particular note is the addition of the stylized “Pennsylvania Keystone” above the windows on the West side of the mansion. The last expansion was completed in 1914. While the grandeur of the house was enhanced, the smell from the barn on the west side of the house was found to be most offensive to Don’s wife, and therefore the barn was dismantled and moved to another part of the farm. The barnyard yard was then filled in and a rose garden planted.</p><br>
<p>“Donegal” was a working farm with the major crops being tobacco and watercress. In addition to crops J. Don Cameron bred award winning Trotting Horses, Thoroughbreds and Welsh ponies for show and racing. Don Cameron planted 100 acre in blue grass to breed his Thoroughbreds.</p><br>
<p>The estate currently has five remaining buildings, underground armory, and a water tower. The buildings still present are the main house, summer kitchen, carriage barn, tool shed and pump house. An old drawing of the estate shows several other buildings whose remains can be seen during the summer when the foundations heat up and burn through the grass.</p><br>
<p>The main house was built in 1805 and expanded over the many years to its current size of approximately 12,500 ft&sup2;. The house was a private residence until Mary Cameron’s estate bequeathed 15.25 acre of the property to Elizabethtown College in 1961. The college used the property for many purposes. It served as a dormitory for men on the Deans List and a school for special needs children. In 1975 Mrs. G. Howland Chase, a great granddaughter of Simon Cameron funded a restoration of the mansion which Elizabethtown College uses it as a conference center with lodging in the mansion. The mansion was converted into a country inn in 1981 by Lancaster County culinary celebrity Betty Groff along with her husband Abe. The Groffs sold the inn in 1996.</p><br>
<p>The summer kitchen sits 15 ft north of the mansion. The wood frame structure with a slate was expanded to include an office and converted to owner’s quarters in the 1980s.</p><br>
<p>The carriage house located 100 yards from the mansion once house Mary Cameron’s Packard car collection and in the attic was the chauffeur’s residence. The carriage house was converted to a conference center in the 1975 restoration. In 2002 the carriage house was renovated and is now the wedding reception venue capable of seating 250 guests.</p><br>
<p>The tool shed, 18 by 35 feet was just west of the carriage barn and was incorporated into the Carriage barn.</p><br>
<p>A unique pump house for its time sits across the creek northeast of the mansion. When the 10 ft by 10 ft building was built in 1889, it was constructed in a new experimental technique, poured-in-place concrete. The window sills and corbels are of stone and the floor, walls and flat roof are all poured-in-place concrete. The pump house sits atop a seep cistern where a gas fired piston pump transported the water to a massive water tower located on the ridge above the property. The water then gravity fed back to the house as its water supply.</p><br>
<p>North of the kitchen is an underground armory built by James Donald Cameron while he was Secretary of War under U. S. Grant. Cameron Estate was headquarters for Don Cameron when he was in Pennsylvania and while he hosted U. S. Grant. Since they both frequented the property, an armory was needed to store munitions for the troops protecting the President. The entrance faces north toward the creek with a roof height of 3 to 4 feet. Upon Mary Cameron&#39;s death in 1959, the "Cameron Estate" was dissolved and sold as 9 separate farms.</p><br>
<p>The Elizabethtown College Years (1961 – 1981)</p><br>
<p>The house was a private residence until Mary Cameron’s estate bequeathed 15.25 acres of the property to Elizabethtown College in 1961. The college used the property for many purposes. It served as a dormitory for men on the Dean&#39;s List and a school for special needs children. In 1975 Mrs. G. Howland Chase, a great granddaughter of Simon Cameron funded a restoration of the mansion. Elizabethtown College used it as a conference center with lodging in the mansion. The mansion was converted into a country inn in 1981 by Lancaster County culinary celebrity Betty Groff and her husband, Abe. Betty and Abe Groff sold the inn in 1996</p><br>
<h2>The current state of the estate</h2><br>
<p>Today his home has been transformed into the Cameron Estate Inn, which presents a world of perfect solitude with its giant shade trees of hemlock, oak and maple, spring gardens of irises, peonies and bleeding hearts and a walled rose garden. An old stone bridge arches over a meandering stream that bisects the 15 acre estate.</p><br>
<p>Visitors at the Cameron Estate Inn may wander the beautifully landscaped grounds of the Inn and those of the historic Donegal Scottish Presbyterian Church. Outside the gates, one can saunter along an avenue of towering maples planted by Cameron, who got wind of the imminent passage of a bill encouraging farmers to beautify the roads by offering $2 for each tree planted. He proceeded to plant thousands on the roads leading to Donegal, only to find the new law stipulated that the trees had to be inside one&#39;s fences.</p><br>
<p>James Donald Cameron, who expanded the mansion to its present scale, succeeded his father as senator and served as Secretary of War under President Ulysses S. Grant; James McCormick Cameron, grandson and president of the Cameron&#39;s Dauphin Deposit Bank; and Mary Cameron, granddaughter, civic benefactor and last of the clan, all made their contributions to the family homestead. No major exterior alterations have been made since 1918.</p><br>
<p>James Donald Cameron, the eldest son of Simon Cameron and U. S. Grant’s Secretary of War, died at Donegal on August 30, 1918.</p><br>
<p>The Chapel of the Cross is a historic Episcopal church in the Mannsdale area of Madison, Mississippi. The brick structure was built circa 1850–52. It is noted for its Gothic Revival architecture, which draws heavily from 14th-century English country churches. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places on June 13, 1972.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The church was originally conceived as a house of worship for the Johnstone family on their Annandale Plantation, now destroyed. John T. Johnstone migrated from North Carolina to Madison County, Mississippi in 1819 and established Annandale. Tradition maintains that Johnstone was descended from the Johnstone family that once held the title Earl of Annandale and Hartfell in the Peerage of Scotland and that he named his plantation in their honor. He had envisioned a chapel for the plantation, but died in 1848. After his death his widow Margaret began making plans for the construction of the church.</p><br>
<p>Almost no primary records for the construction of the church survive, but it is commonly believed by architectural scholars that English-born architect Frank Wills designed the Chapel of the Cross for Margaret Johnstone. What is certain is that a sketch by Wills of an almost identical church, entitled "Sketch of a First-pointed church," appeared in the October 1849 issue of the New York Ecclesiologist. Practically identical churches by Richard Upjohn are also known, such as his St. Thomas Episcopal Church (c.1849) in New York City and St. Mary&#39;s Episcopal Church (c.1847) in Rhode Island. Johnstone had much of the work on the church performed by plantation slaves; they made all of the bricks by hand on-site. The rest of the construction was handled by hired artisans, with Johnstone spending a total of $3000. She deeded the church and 10 acre to the Episcopal Diocese of Mississippi in June 1851. The building was consecrated on September 19, 1852, by William Mercer Green, the first Episcopal bishop of Mississippi.</p><br>
<p>Margaret Johnstone died in 1880 and her plantation was sold. The grand three-story, 40-room Italianate-style Annandale mansion, built by her in the mid-1850s, was unoccupied for some time and burned down on September 9, 1924.</p><br>
<p>After Johnstone&#39;s death, the diocese alternated between using the church and keeping it inactive. It declared the parish extinct in 1903. Margaret Britton Parsons, a granddaughter of John and Margaret Johnstone, persuaded the diocese to reactivate the church as a house of worship in 1911, and it was restored to the diocese in 1914. Since that time, priests have taken charge of operations. The diocese started a restoration of the chapel in 1956. In 1979, a few years after the addition of the church to the National Register of Historic Places, the United States Department of the Interior awarded a $50,000 grant to finish the restoration.</p><br>
<h2>Folklore</h2><br>
<p>The church has a ghost story associated with it that has been chronicled in two books and one booklet. The Chapel of the Cross and Annandale are featured in the short story, "The Ghosts of Annandale", in Jeffrey introduces 13 more Southern ghosts by Kathryn Tucker Windham. It details two distinct ghost stories. The first is that of Annie Devlin, a former governess who died at the Annandale mansion in June 1860 and was purported to haunt it until the night it burned in 1924. The second is that of Helen Johnstone and her fiancé, Henry Grey Vick. Helen, the youngest daughter of John and Margaret, and Henry, descended from the founder of Vicksburg, met at her sisters home, Ingleside, in December 1855. They became engaged to be married in 1857, with the day set for May 21, 1859. Vick was subsequently killed in a duel in Mobile, Alabama on May 17, 1859. His body was brought back to Annandale and buried in the churchyard to the rear of the church. It is claimed in the story that the ghost of Helen now weeps at his grave. The same folklore is repeated in Norman and Scotts Historic Haunted America and again in Jan Warner&#39;s booklet Shadows of a Chapel.</p><br>
<p>The Central YMCA is an historic building in the Central neighborhood on the east side of Cleveland, Ohio. It was designed by the Cleveland architectural firm Hubbell & Benes and constructed for use as a residential building in 1911 by the Young Men&#39;s Christian Association of Greater Cleveland. The building served as one of the locations used by the Cleveland YMCA School of Technology, which eventually became Fenn College and ultimately Cleveland State University 1964. Added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1984, the Central YMCA building was purchased by Cleveland State University in September 2009 and later renovated for use as student apartments. In 2015, the building was purchased by Asset Student Housing and is now known as The Domain at Cleveland.</p><br>
